réaliser French · revision 16957

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1495, customs of Boulogne|origins=la res}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʁe.a.li.ze/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''réaliser'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned derivative of [[réel]], after [[la-med|reālis|t=real, relating to things]],^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)^(FEW|10, 133b) from [[la|rēs|t=thing]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) Bloch and Wartburg and Wiktionary take it from the old form [[m|frm|real]] with the suffix [[-iser]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) English [[m|en|realize]] (1610s) was borrowed from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It first appears in law, in the customs of Boulogne (1495): ''acquestes non réalisées'' “acquisitions not made real”, that is, not secured on property;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) the GLLF glosses this first sense as converting a capital by contract into periodic payments.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Long a legal term of northern France (still unknown in Paris in 1605), it was used in ''réaliser un contrat'' (1507), to acknowledge a contract so as to acquire a real right, and disappeared from law with the Ancien Régime.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) In finance, from about 1719 under Law's system, it meant “to convert into money”;^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Voltaire calls it a new term brought into the language by that system.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) From it came ''réaliser un bénéfice'' (Stendhal, 1835).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ The general sense “to make real” is in Cotgrave (1611), and the Académie has ''réalisez vos promesses'' in 1718;^(TLFi) ''se réaliser'' “to come true” dates from before 1742 and “to fulfil oneself” from 1850 (Sainte-Beuve).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) It took the sense “to make a film” in 1908, and is also used in music for realizing a harmony (1853).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Translators from English first used it for “to become aware of” (Baudelaire's Poe, 1858); this sense spread from 1895 (Paul Bourget) despite strong criticism, and Proust still printed it in italics.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1495 – A legal term in the customs of Boulogne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1507 – ''Réaliser un contrat''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1611 – “To make real”, in Cotgrave.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1719 – “To convert into money”, under Law's system.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * Before 1742 – ''Se réaliser'' “to come true”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1835 – ''Réaliser un bénéfice'', in Stendhal.^(TLFi)

+ * 1858 – “To become aware of”, in Baudelaire's translation of Poe.^(TLFi)

+ * 1908 – Of making a film.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To carry out, [[m|en|achieve]], make real: ''réaliser un rêve, un projet''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Se réaliser'': to come true; to fulfil oneself.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # To make, carry out (a sale, a purchase); ''réaliser des bénéfices'', to make a profit.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(finance)'' To convert into cash, [[m|en|realize]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To [[m|en|direct]] (a film, a broadcast).^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(music)'' To realize (a figured harmony).^(TLFi)

+ # ''(Anglicism, criticized)'' To realize, become aware of.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[réalisation]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[réel]]

+ * [[réalité]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}