pénétrer French · revision 16954

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1314, Henri de Mondeville, Chirurgie|origins=la penus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /pe.ne.tʁe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pénétrer'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The Académie wrote ''penetrer'' in 1694 and 1718, ''pénétrer'' from 1762.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|penetrō|t=to put inside; to enter, penetrate]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|8, 187a) from [[m|la|penitus|t=deep inside, from within]], itself from [[m|la|penus|t=provisions; the inner part of the house]], where the provisions were kept;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) compare [[pénates]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ Compare [[pro|penetrar]], [[es|penetrar]] and [[it|penetrare]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Henri de Mondeville's ''Chirurgie'' (1314) speaks of wounds ''qui penetrent duc à la concavité du pis'', “which go deep into the hollow of the chest”.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ First said of a material thing entering deeply, it was used of persons entering a place from 1636 (Monet), and figuratively of being admitted into a social circle (Balzac, before 1850).^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) In Middle French it took figurative senses: of an emotion entering someone's mind, “to touch, move”, and “to come to understand” (about 1485, ''Mystère du Viel Testament'').^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Se pénétrer de'' “to become imbued with, convinced of” is later (1843).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ The present participle [[pénétrant]] (1314) often qualifies the mind (''esprit pénétrant'', 1666), and as a feminine noun a ''pénétrante'' is a major road into a region, first a military term (1953).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) [[pénétration]] and [[pénétrable]] (1370, Oresme) were borrowed from Latin.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1314 – “To enter into”, in Henri de Mondeville.^(TLFi)

+ * 1370 – ''Pénétrable'' and ''pénétration'', in Oresme.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * c. 1485 – “To move”;^(TLFi) “to understand”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1636 – Of persons entering a place (Monet).^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1666 – ''Esprit pénétrant''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1843 – ''Se pénétrer de''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1953 – ''Pénétrante'', a military road.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' Of a thing, to [[m|en|penetrate]], to pass deeply into: ''liquide qui pénètre à travers une membrane''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To enter (a place): ''pénétrer dans une maison'', ''pénétrer par effraction'', to break in.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To permeate, soak through; of a feeling, to touch deeply.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To fathom, see through (a mystery, someone's intentions).^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Se pénétrer de'': to become imbued with, convinced of.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To penetrate sexually.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[pénétrant]]

+ * [[pénétrance]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pénétration]]

+ * [[pénétrable]]

+ * [[impénétrable]]

+ * [[pénates]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}