étudier French · revision 16916

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1155, Wace, Roman de Brut|origins=la studium}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /e.ty.dje/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''étudier'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[der|fro|estudie|t=study]], a variant of [[m|fro|estuide]] (see [[étude]]).^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) Compare [[la|studeō|t=to be eager, apply oneself, (Imperial Latin) to study]].^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007) Littré derives it from [[m|la|studium|t=zeal, study]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ It matches [[oc|estudiar]], [[es|estudiar]], [[pt|estudar]] and [[it|studiare]].^(Littré 1873) Littré gives [[wa|sitûdî]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Wace's ''Roman de Brut'' (1155) uses it for seeking to acquire knowledge: ''mult sout e mult estudia'' “he knew much and studied much”.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ By about 1200 it also meant “to apply oneself to (doing something)”.^(TLFi) The present participle [[étudiant]] named the students of the University of Paris in theology and medicine in 1261, and Oresme uses it in 1370.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Montaigne (1588) has the senses “to examine closely in order to understand” and ''s'étudier'' “to make oneself the object of study”;^(TLFi) Balzac uses ''s'étudier'' for putting on a studied manner (1824).^(TLFi) The Académie recorded “to learn by heart” (''étudier sa leçon'') in 1694.^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1155 – ''Estudier'' “to study”, in Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1200 – “To apply oneself to”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1261 – ''Les estudians de Paris''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1588 – “To examine closely” and ''s'étudier'', in Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1636 – The spelling ''étudier'', in Monet.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1694 – “To learn by heart”, in the Académie dictionary.^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|study]], seek to learn (a subject, an art): ''étudier l'histoire, le piano''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To learn by heart: ''étudier sa leçon, un rôle''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To study, be a student: ''il étudie à l'université''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ # To examine closely, [[m|en|analyze]]: ''étudier un texte''; to watch (someone) closely.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To examine (a question, a plan) in order to decide.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' ''S'étudier'': to observe oneself; to affect a studied manner.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[étudiant]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[étude]]

+ * [[studieux]]

+ * [[la|studium]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}