violence French · revision 16902

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1215, Recueil d'actes (Tailliar)|origins=la violentus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /vjɔ.lɑ̃s/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''violence''' ''f'' (plural violences)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|violentia|t=vehemence; violent force]], from [[m|la|violentus|t=violent]] (see [[violent]]).^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873) Wiktionary treats it as inherited from Old French.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A charter of 1215 (in a 13th–14th-century copy) has it in the phrase “by force”, the abuse of strength;^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(AND) Anglo-Norman texts have it from 1214.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(AND)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In 1314 Henri de Mondeville's ''Chirurgie'' uses it for the action of an unrestrained force, as when bandages must be removed ''sans violence'';^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873) Amyot (1559) has it for a brutal act.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873) ''Violences de pucelles'' meant rapes in 1446.^(TLFi) Robert Estienne (1538) records ''faire violence à quelqu'un'' “to force someone”, and ''se faire violence'' “to restrain oneself” is from 1637;^(TLFi)^(BHVF) ''faire violence aux lois de la nature'' (1624) and to a doctrine (1625) extended it to forcing a meaning.^(TLFi)^(BHVF)

+

+ From 1600 it was said of the irresistible force of things, such as the violence of the waters in Olivier de Serres, and, from 1607–1609 of vices and of the brutal expression of feelings.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873) The Civil Code (1804) uses it in law for duress.^(GLLF 1989) ''Se faire une douce violence'', to accept with pleasure after pretending to resist, comes from Molière (1668).^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1214 – Anglo-Norman ''violence''.^(AND)

+ * 1215 – “By force”, in a charter.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1314 – The action of a force, in Henri de Mondeville.^(TLFi)

+ * 1446 – ''Violences de pucelles'' “rapes”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1538 – ''Faire violence à quelqu'un'', in Robert Estienne.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ * 1637 – ''Se faire violence''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1804 – Duress, in the Civil Code.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|violence|alt=Violence]], brutal force used against someone: ''acte de violence'', ''violence conjugale'', domestic violence.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An act of violence: ''subir des violences''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Faire violence à'': to force, coerce, ''se faire violence'', to restrain oneself, force oneself.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # The intensity, fury (of a natural force or a feeling): ''la violence de l'orage''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(law)'' [[m|en|duress|alt=Duress]].^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[violemment]]

+ * [[violent]]

+ * [[violenter]]

+ * [[violer]]

+ * [[la|violentia]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}