justice French · revision 16897

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1050, Vie de saint Alexis|origins=la iustus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʒys.tis/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''justice''' ''f'' (plural justices)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|justise]], used until the 13th century.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|jūstitia|t=justice, equity, (Late Latin) the law, (Medieval Latin) jurisdiction]], from [[m|la|jūstus|t=just]] (see [[juste]]).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) The Petit Robert places it in the family of [[m|la|jūs|t=right, law]].^(Petit Robert 2007) [[justesse]] is a doublet.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ It matches [[pro|justicia]], [[es|justicia]], [[pt|justiça]] and [[it|giustizia]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Vie de saint Alexis'' (about 1050) uses it for the moral principle by which right must be respected: ''que feit i ert e justice ed amur''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Wace (1155) has it for the virtue of being fair, giving each his due.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) From the 11th century it was also strictly legal: ''faire justice'' “to punish” (about 1100, ''Chanson de Roland''), later “to judge” (1538).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Rendre justice à quelqu'un'' “to be fair to someone, acknowledge his merits” is in Pascal (1656), and ''se faire justice'' “to take the law into one's own hands” dates from 1640.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Froissart (late 14th century) uses it for an execution.^(TLFi)

+

+ It named a judge (1130–1140), a sense still alive in English, the institution that dispenses justice (about 1150), and a jurisdiction (about 1170, Chrétien de Troyes); ''gens de justice'' are judges and officers of the court (1585).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Jean de Meun personified it (1275–1280), whence ''raide comme la justice''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In religion it is the righteousness God puts in the soul (1564).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Justice sociale'' is recorded in 1873.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1050 – ''Justise'', a moral principle, in the ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Faire justise'' “to punish”, in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1130–1140 – “A judge”, in Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * 1155 – The virtue of justice, in Wace's ''Brut''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1170 – “Jurisdiction”, in Chrétien de Troyes.^(TLFi)

+ * 1275–1280 – Justice personified, in Jean de Meun.^(TLFi)

+ * 1640 – ''Se faire justice''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1656 – ''Rendre justice à quelqu'un'', in Pascal.^(TLFi)

+ * 1873 – ''Justice sociale''.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|justice|alt=Justice]], fairness, the recognition and respect of each person's rights: ''agir avec justice'', ''justice sociale''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The law, conformity with the law; the administration of the law: ''demander justice'', ''obtenir justice''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # The judicial authority, the courts: ''palais de justice'', law courts.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Rendre justice à quelqu'un'': to do someone justice, ''se faire justice'', to take the law into one's own hands.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(religion)'' Righteousness.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[justiciable]]

+ * [[justicier]]

+ * [[injustice]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[juste]]

+ * [[justesse]]

+ * [[justifier]]

+ * [[la|jūstitia]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}