appareil French · revision 16887

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=back-formation|attested=late 12th century, Chanson d'Antioche|origins=la paro}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /a.pa.ʁɛj/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''appareil''' ''m'' (plural appareils)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French nominative [[m|fro|apareils]], [[m|fro|aparaus]], oblique [[m|fro|apareil]]; the old plural survives in the nautical [[apparaux]].^(Littré 1873)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a deverbal noun [[der|fr|appareiller|t=to prepare]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary) The verb is an early Gallo-Roman word (1080), from [[la-lat|*appariculō]], an extension of classical [[m|la|apparō|t=to prepare]], from [[m|la|parō|t=to make ready]] (see [[parer]]).^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The GLLF and Bloch and Wartburg derive the noun itself from popular Latin [[m|la-vul|*appariculum]], an extension of [[m|la|apparātus|t=preparation]];^(GLLF 1989)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary) Rey thinks the sense “set of elements” could come from that form, from a metonymy, or from both, and Wiktionary finds the Latin noun less likely.^(GLLF 1989)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary) [[apparat]] is a learned doublet.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[pro|aparelh]], [[es|aparejo]], [[pt|aparelho]] and [[it|apparecchio]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Chanson d'Antioche'' (late 12th century) has ''aparaus'' for preparations; its first sense is “preparations”, and, from about 1170 it is also a set of things prepared for a purpose.^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Until the 17th century it meant preparations in general, and also the unfolding of a ceremony and its pomp (1538), close to [[apparat]] and [[apprêt]];^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) ''dans le plus simple appareil'' “stark naked” comes from this sense.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) In the 15th century it named military equipment, and ''haut appareil'' a full suit of armour (16th century).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Specialized senses followed: the bond of masonry in a wall (1676), a set of dressings in surgery (1636), a functional set of organs in physiology (late 18th century, ''appareil digestif''), the machinery of laws, and in Marxist language the apparatus of a State or party (1929, in a translation of Trotsky), whence [[apparatchik]] (1965).^(DHLF 1992)^(BHVF) The most common sense, a device or machine, is old but developed with the sciences early in the 19th century (instruments for an experiment, 1805); by ellipsis it is a camera (late 19th century), a telephone (1878) and an aircraft.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)^(BHVF)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 12th century – ''Aparaus'' “preparations”, in the ''Chanson d'Antioche''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+ * c. 1170 – A set of things prepared for a purpose.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1538 – Ceremonial pomp.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1636 – A surgical dressing.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1676 – The bond of masonry.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1805 – Scientific apparatus.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1878 – A telephone.^(BHVF)

+ * 1929 – The party apparatus, in a translation of Trotsky.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A device, [[m|en|apparatus]], machine: ''appareils ménagers'', household appliances.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A camera (''appareil photo''); a telephone: ''qui est à l'appareil ?''; an [[m|en|aircraft]].^(Wiktionary)^(BHVF)

+ # ''(anatomy)'' A system of organs: ''appareil digestif'', ''appareil respiratoire''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(politics)'' The apparatus, the organization of a State or party.^(DHLF 1992)^(BHVF)

+ # ''(surgery)'' A set of dressings; an appliance.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(architecture)'' The bond, the arrangement of stones in masonry.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(literary)'' Pomp, display, ''dans le plus simple appareil'', naked.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(cooking)'' A ready-made mixture of ingredients for a dish.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[appareillage]]

+ * [[apparatchik]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[appareiller]]

+ * [[apparat]]

+ * [[apprêt]]

+ * [[parer]]

+ * [[la|apparātus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}