dépendre French · revision 16875

+ French has two verbs spelled ''dépendre'': “to depend”, from Latin, and “to take down”, formed from [[pendre]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)

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+ {{homograph|1|to depend}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1160|origins=la pendeo}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /de.pɑ̃dʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dépendre'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb meaning “to depend” is [[bor|la|dēpendeō|t=to hang from; to be attached to; to be under the influence of]], from [[m|la|dē|t=down from]] and [[m|la|pendeō|t=to hang]] (see [[pendre]]).^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873) Wiktionary takes it as inherited, from a Vulgar Latin form with a changed conjugation.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from 1154–1173 (about 1130 in the ''Roman d'Eneas'' according to the GLLF) in the concrete sense “to hang from”, where modern French says [[pendre]];^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Old French also had ''il depent a l'ueil'' “it is imminent”.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ At the end of the 13th century it began to express a link between facts, “to be able to happen only through the action of (someone or something)” (about 1278–1283, Beaumanoir).^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Oresme (1370) uses it for a relation between things that makes them necessary to one another.^(DHLF 1992) The other senses developed in the 15th and 16th centuries: “to proceed from” (1490), “to be under (a fief)” (1549), “to be at the mercy of” (before 1544) and “to be under the authority of (someone)” (1580, Montaigne); political subjection, to a person or a State, is from 1636.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) The impersonal ''cela dépend'' “it depends” is recorded by Furetière (1690).^(GLLF 1989)

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+ Its derivatives include [[dépendance]] (1361), [[dépendant]], [[indépendant]] and [[indépendance]], and the adverb [[dépendamment]] (1671), rare in Europe but common in Quebec, where ''dépendamment de'' means “depending on”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1160 – “To hang from”.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1283 – “To depend on”, in Beaumanoir.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1361 – ''Dépendance''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1370 – A relation of mutual necessity, in Oresme.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1580 – “To be under the authority of”, in Montaigne.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1636 – Political subjection.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1690 – Impersonal ''cela dépend'', in Furetière.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''Dépendre de'': to [[m|en|depend]] on, be contingent on: ''sa venue dépend de vous'', ''(absolutely)'' ''ça dépend'', it depends.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Dépendre de'': to rely on (someone) for support; to be under the authority of.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Dépendre de'': to belong to, be part of.^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(impersonal)'' ''Il dépend de quelqu'un de, que'': it is up to someone to: ''si cela ne dépendait que de moi''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dépendance]]

+ * [[dépendant]]

+ * [[indépendant]]

+ * [[indépendance]]

+ * [[dépendamment]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|to take down}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1180, Marie de France, Fables|origins=la pendeo}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /de.pɑ̃dʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dépendre'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb meaning “to take down” is [[af|fr|dé-|pendre]], with the prefix from [[la|dis-|t=apart]]; compare [[la-med|dēpendeō|t=to take down (from the gallows)]] (about 1200).^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary) [[pendre]] continues forms of [[la|pendeō|t=to hang]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Marie de France's ''Fables'' (about 1180) use it for taking down a hanged man: ''dou lairon qu'il ot despendu'' “the thief he had taken down from the gallows”; the GLLF cites Chrétien de Troyes (about 1175).^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Joinville uses it of a man hanged by the arms whom his captors would not take down until they had the castle of Jaffa.^(Littré 1873) It was then said of anything hung up, as in ''dépendre un tableau''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989) The noun [[dépendeur]] survives in the familiar ''grand dépendeur d'andouilles'', a tall, foolish or lazy man, since it took a tall man to unhook the sausages hanging in a charcutier's shop.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1175 – In Chrétien de Troyes.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * c. 1180 – ''Despendre'' a hanged thief, in Marie de France.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1200 – Medieval Latin ''dependere'' “to take down from the gallows”.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To take down (something hung up): ''dépendre un tableau'', ''dépendre des guirlandes''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # To take down (a hanged person).^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dépendeur]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pendre]]

+ * [[suspendre]]

+ * [[la|dēpendeō]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ Littré also records an obsolete ''dépendre'' “to spend”, from [[la|dēpendō|t=to pay out]] according to Littré (the FEW files it under [[m|la|dispendō]]), surviving in the phrase ''à vendre et à dépendre'' “entirely at someone's disposal”.^(Littré 1873)^(FEW|3, 97a)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}