futur French · revision 16874

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1267, Brunetto Latini, Li Livres dou Tresor|origins=la sum}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /fy.tyʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''futur''' (feminine future, masculine plural futurs, feminine plural futures)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|futūrus|t=about to be, future]], future participle of [[m|la|sum|t=to be]], also used as a noun (“futurum” “the future”, and probably the grammatical tense).^(TLF-Étym)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|3, 929a) Rey traces it, like the perfect [[m|la|fuī|t=I was]], to the Indo-European root [[ine-pro|*bhū-|t=to grow]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ It matches [[pro|futur]], [[es|futuro]] and [[it|futuro]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The revised TLF dates the adjective from 1267, in Brunetto Latini: ''ces .iii. tens, c'est le preterit, le present, et celi ki est a venir''… ''et atent les futures''.^(TLF-Étym) Earlier, ''futurs'' was occasionally used for people yet to come, as in a charter of 1219, ''tant aus presens qu'aus futurs''.^(TLF-Étym)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The noun “time to come, the future” is in Jean de Meun's ''Roman de la Rose'' (about 1275): ''se du futur n'est secorue''.^(TLF-Étym)^(DHLF 1992) As a grammatical term it is found in the late 12th century and clearly in a 14th-century Donatus;^(TLF-Étym) ''futur simple'' and ''futur antérieur'' were established by Féraud (1787).^(TLF-Étym)

+

+ Before a noun it means “who will be” (1651, Corneille), whence ''son futur'', ''sa future'' “intended husband, wife” (1730, Marivaux).^(GLLF 1989)^(TLF-Étym)^(DHLF 1992) ''La vie future'' is the life after death (18th century).^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) Since the 1960s ''futur'' has gained ground on [[avenir]] under the influence of [[en|future]], also borrowed in ''no future''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 12th century – The grammatical future.^(TLF-Étym)

+ * 1219 – ''Les futurs'', those to come.^(TLF-Étym)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1267 – The adjective, in Brunetto Latini.^(TLF-Étym)

+ * c. 1275 – ''Le futur'' “the future”, in the ''Roman de la Rose''.^(TLF-Étym)

+ * 1651 – “Who will be”, in Corneille.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1730 – ''Son futur'' “her intended”, in Marivaux.^(TLF-Étym)

+ * 1787 – ''Futur simple'', ''futur antérieur'', in Féraud.^(TLF-Étym)

+ * 1909 – The noun [[futurisme]] is adapted from Italian.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|future|alt=Future]], to come: ''les générations futures'', ''(religion)'' ''la vie future'', the afterlife.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(before the noun)'' Who will be such: ''sa future épouse'', ''le futur Louis XIV''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The future, time to come (sometimes criticized for ''avenir'').^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(grammar)'' The future tense: ''futur simple'', ''futur antérieur''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLF-Étym)

+ # ''Le futur'', ''la future'': one's intended husband or wife.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLF-Étym)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[futurisme]]

+ * [[futuriste]]

+ * [[futurologie]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[avenir]]

+ * [[la|futūrus]]

+ * [[en|future]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}