crise French · revision 16858

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=14th century, Bernard de Gordon, Pratique|origins=grc κρίνω}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kʁiz/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''crise''' ''f'' (plural crises)^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Crisim'', ''crisin'' (14th century); ''crise'' from 1478.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|crisis|t=decisive stage of a disease]], first used in its accusative form [[m|la|crisin]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The Latin word is [[bor|grc|κρίσις|tr=krísis|t=decision, judgement]] in its medical sense, from [[m|grc|κρίνω|tr=krínō|t=to separate, judge]] (see [[crible]], [[critère]]).^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A 14th-century translation of Bernard de Gordon's ''Pratique'' (printed 1495) has ''crisim'' as a medical term, the decisive turn in an illness, ''crise'' is in the 1478 translation of Guy de Chauliac's ''Grande Chirurgie''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From medicine it passed to the mind, “a violent fit”: ''crises de passions'' (before 1685), ''crise de nerfs'' (1825).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Furetière (1690) records it for a critical moment in moral matters, of an intrigue or a lawsuit;^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Bloch and Wartburg date the figurative sense to 1621.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Rousseau's ''Émile'' (1762) speaks of ''l'état de crise et le siècle des révolutions'', a grave phase in the course of things.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ The collective, social and economic sense dates from the early 19th century: ''crise politique'' (1814), ''crise financière'' (1823), ''crises commerciales'' (1837, Balzac).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Rey notes that the concept itself belongs to the 19th century, when acute and cyclical troubles developed in the industrial economy, notably from 1873; that of 1929 is sometimes simply ''la crise''.^(DHLF 1992) Since 1945 economists tend to say [[récession]], but ''crise'' remains common for a general malaise (''crise des valeurs'').^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 14th century – ''Crisim'', in a medical text.^(TLFi)

+ * 1478 – ''Crise'', in a translation of Guy de Chauliac.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ * before 1685 – ''Crises de passions''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1690 – A critical moment, in Furetière.^(TLFi)

+ * 1762 – A grave phase in the course of events, in Rousseau.^(TLFi)^(BHVF)

+ * 1814 – ''Crise politique''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1823 – ''Crise financière''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1825 – ''Crise de nerfs'', in Brillat-Savarin.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(medicine)'' The decisive turn in an illness; an [[m|en|attack]], fit: ''crise d'asthme'', ''crise cardiaque''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A sudden, violent outburst of feeling: ''crise de nerfs'', ''crise de larmes'', ''piquer une crise'', to throw a tantrum.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|crisis]], a grave, decisive or troubled phase: ''crise politique'', ''crise économique'', ''crise d'adolescence''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A sudden shortage: ''crise du logement''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(familiar)'' A sudden fit of enthusiasm: ''travailler par crises''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[crisette]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[critique]]

+ * [[critère]]

+ * [[crible]]

+ * [[grc|κρίσις|tr=krísis]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}