dépasser French · revision 16750

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=second half of the 12th century, Sermons de saint Grégoire sur Ézéchiel|origins=la passus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /de.pa.se/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /de.pɑ.se/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dépasser'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|fr|dé-|passer]], with the prefix expressing intensity.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|7, 718b) It was first formed on the simple verb in its old sense “to walk”, then on its sense “to go past”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) [[passer]] continues [[la-vul|*passō|alt=*passāre]], from [[m|la|passus|t=step]] (see [[pas]]).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Littré points out that in the sense “to pull out (a ribbon)” the prefix instead expresses the reverse action.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Sermons de saint Grégoire sur Ézéchiel'' (second half of the 12th century) use it for passing over something, trampling it underfoot.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The GLLF dates its first sense to Wace (about 1155).^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its development favoured the idea of going beyond, and dropped a 14th-century sense “to move back”.^(DHLF 1992) The moral sense “to go beyond what is established, transgress” is found in a gloss of Alexander Neckam (13th–14th century), later reinforced by ''dépasser les bornes'' (Maine de Biran, 1803); the temporal sense, going beyond a point in time, appears in an interpolation of the ''Roman de Fauvel'' (1316).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) At sea it was used of a ship that goes past the place where it meant to anchor (Ozanam, 1691).^(TLFi)

+

+ Madame de Staël (1794) has “to exceed in importance”, bringing it close to [[surpasser]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In the 19th century it came to mean “to stick out, extend beyond” (Michelet, 1822, ''dépasser quelqu'un de toute la tête'', Brillat-Savarin, 1825, ''pas un cheveu ne dépassait l'autre'', Stendhal, 1830); ''dépassé par les événements'' is in Chateaubriand (1848), and the reflexive ''se dépasser'' “to surpass oneself” in Erckmann-Chatrian (1864).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Second half of the 12th century – “To pass over, trample”.^(TLFi)

+ * 13th–14th century – “To transgress”, Alexander Neckam.^(TLFi)

+ * 1316 – Of a point in time, ''Roman de Fauvel''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1691 – Nautical sense, Ozanam.^(TLFi)

+ * 1794 – “To exceed in importance”, Madame de Staël.^(TLFi)

+ * 1803 – ''Dépasser les bornes'', Maine de Biran.^(TLFi)

+ * 1822 – “To stick out”, Michelet.^(TLFi)

+ * 1848 – ''Dépassé par les événements'', Chateaubriand.^(TLFi)

+ * 1864 – ''Se dépasser'', Erckmann-Chatrian.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|overtake]], pass: ''dépasser un cycliste'', ''(absolute)'' ''interdit de dépasser''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To go past, beyond (a point): ''dépasser l'endroit où il fallait s'arrêter''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # To [[m|en|exceed]], be longer, taller or greater than: ''dépasser quelqu'un de la tête'', ''dépasser les prévisions''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To stick out, show: ''son jupon dépasse''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To [[m|en|surpass]], outdo; to go beyond (limits): ''dépasser les bornes''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be beyond (someone's understanding): ''cela me dépasse'', ''être dépassé par les événements''.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Se dépasser'': to surpass oneself.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dépassé]]

+ * [[dépassement]]

+ * [[indépassable]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[passer]]

+ * [[surpasser]]

+ * [[pas]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}