bar French · revision 16721

+ {{homograph|1|drinking place}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1833 (bar-room); 1857 (bar)|origins=fr barre}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /baʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Canada): /bɑʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bar''' ''m'' (plural bars)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The drinking place is [[bor|en|bar]], a clipping (1857) of [[m|en|bar-room]] (in French in 1833), an Anglo-American word for a place where people drink standing at the counter.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary) English itself had the short form by 1788.^(DHLF 1992) The English word had been borrowed in the 12th century from French [[barre]], and like it had many senses: the bar of a counter, then the counter (1475) and the place where one drinks (1592).^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Bloch and Wartburg explain that there is often a sort of rail between the counter and the customers.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first used of American places: ''bar-room'' in 1833, ''bar'' in 1857.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) The GLLF cites the ''Revue des Deux Mondes'' for 1837.^(GLLF 1989)^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Also gallicized for a while as ''barre'' (1853), the short form soon drove out ''bar-room''.^(DHLF 1992) From its borrowing it has suggested luxury, as distinct from the ordinary ''café''; before the end of the 19th century it was applied to any place serving drinks in the same way, in theatres, ships, hotels and private houses.^(DHLF 1992) By metonymy it names the counter itself (1928: ''prendre un verre au bar'', ''tabouret de bar'').^(DHLF 1992) In African French it is a public place where one can also dance.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1833 – ''Bar-room''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1853 – The gallicized ''barre''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1857 – ''Bar''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1928 – The counter itself.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|bar]], a place where drinks are served at a counter, drunk standing or sitting on high stools: ''faire la tournée des bars'', ''bar-tabac'', a café with a tobacconist's counter.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # The [[m|en|counter]] itself: ''prendre un verre au bar''; by extension, a home bar.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bar-tabac]]

+ * [[piano-bar]]

+ * [[resto-bar]]

+ * [[barman]]

+ * [[barmaid]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|sea bass}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1180–1200, Aliscans|origins=dum baerse}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /baʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Canada): /bɑʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bar''' ''m'' (plural bars)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The fish is [[bor|dum|baerse|t=perch; sea bass]] (also [[m|dum|barse]]),^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|15/1, 71a) related to [[nl|baars]], [[de|Barsch|t=perch]] and [[en|barse]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary derives [[fro|bars]] from [[m|frk|*bars]] or Old Dutch, from [[gem-pro|*barsaz|t=perch]]; the final ⟨-s⟩ was taken for the Old French nominative ending and dropped.^(Wiktionary) The Dutch word is linked with [[m|dum|borstel|t=bristle, brush]] and [[de|Bürste|t=brush]]: the fish is named for the hard spines of its dorsal fins.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Barbier separated the heraldic sense, which he took from [[la|barbus|t=barbel]], and Meyer-Lübke lists the word under that Latin noun as well as under the Germanic one; the TLFi rejects the distinction.^(TLFi)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Aliscans'' (1180–1200) lists ''saumons et bars'' “salmon and bass”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In heraldry it was used by the end of the 13th century for a fish shown upright and slightly curved: ''Escut de geulles a deus bars portoit'' “he bore a shield gules with two bars”.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873) In France it competes with the southern name of the same fish, [[loup]].^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) In African French it is the common name of a large Atlantic and Indian Ocean fish, the ''tassergal''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1180–1200 – The fish, ''Aliscans''.^(TLFi)

+ * Late 13th century – In heraldry, ''Chastelain de Coucy''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The European sea [[m|en|bass]], ''Dicentrarchus labrax'', also called ''loup'' in Mediterranean France.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(heraldry)'' A fish shown upright and slightly curved.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(Africa)'' The bluefish (''tassergal'').^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ {{homograph|3|unit of pressure}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=coinage|attested=1914|origins=grc βάρος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /baʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Canada): /bɑʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bar''' ''m'' (plural bars)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The unit is a coinage made in 1906 by the Norwegian physicist and meteorologist Vilhelm Bjerknes, after [[barie]] (1889),^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) [[der|grc|βάρος|tr=báros|t=weight]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary) Rey takes it rather from the adjective [[m|grc|βαρύς|tr=barús|t=heavy]], the source of [[baryton]] and the prefix [[baro-]].^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is recorded in French from 1914;^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) a 1917 issue of the ''Larousse mensuel'' defines it as a unit of pressure equal to a million units of the CGS system, that is a million dynes per square centimetre.^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its adoption brought the names of its submultiples, above all ''millibar'' (1914), long the usual unit of atmospheric pressure in weather forecasts, beside ''centibar'' and ''décibar'', English had them from 1914 too.^(DHLF 1992) In 1918 French meteorologists decided to express barometric readings in units of pressure rather than in millimetres of mercury.^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1889 – ''Barie''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ * 1906 – Bjerknes coins the name.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1914 – ''Bar'' and ''millibar'' in French.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ * 1917 – Definition in the ''Larousse mensuel''.^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(physics)'' A unit of [[m|en|pressure]] equal to 10⁵ [[m|en|pascal|alt=pascals]], used especially in [[m|en|meteorology]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[millibar]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[barre]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}