commander French · revision 16625

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=10th century, Vie de saint Léger (comander)|origins=la mandō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kɔ.mɑ̃.de/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''commander'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''comander'', ''cumander'', Palsgrave records the 16th-century pronunciation ''coumander''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-vul|*commandō|alt=*commandare]], a remaking after [[la|mandō|t=to entrust, enjoin]] of classical [[m|la|commendō|t=to entrust; to recommend; to command]], from [[m|la|com-]] and “mandare”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|2, 948a) Classical “commendare” already meant “to give an order” from Caesar on.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|comandare]], [[ca|comanar]] and [[es|comandar]].^(Littré 1873)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Vie de saint Léger'' (10th century) uses it both for entrusting someone or something to another and, with an infinitive, for ordering someone to do something.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) it means to order: ''Je vous cumant qu'en Saragoce aillez'' “I command you to go to Saragossa”.^(Littré 1873)^(GLLF 1989) The sense “to entrust, recommend” was lost in the 16th century and passed to [[recommander]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Thierry (1564) has ''commander à ses passions'', to master them, and Dupuys (1573) the military sense, to lead troops, Vaugelas (1653) uses it of a position that overlooks a place.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The commercial sense, to order goods, dates from 1675, reinforced by [[commande]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – “To entrust”, “to order”, ''Vie de saint Léger''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Je vous cumant'', ''Chanson de Roland''.^(Littré 1873)

+ * 1564 – ''Commander à ses passions'', Thierry.^(TLFi)

+ * 1573 – To lead troops, Dupuys.^(TLFi)

+ * 1653 – To overlook a place, Vaugelas.^(TLFi)

+ * 1675 – To order goods, Savary.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|command]], order: ''commander à qqn de faire qqch.''; to be in command of: ''commander un régiment''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|order]] (goods, a meal): ''commander un livre'', ''commander un café''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Commander à'': to control, master: ''commander à ses passions''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To call for, require: ''la prudence commande de…''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To overlook (a place); ''(technical)'' to control, operate (a mechanism).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[commande]]

+ * [[commandement]]

+ * [[commandant]]

+ * [[commandeur]]

+ * [[décommander]]

+ * [[recommander]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mander]]

+ * [[la|commendō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}