juger French · revision 16609

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland (jugier)|origins=la iūdex}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʒy.ʒe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''juger'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''jugier'', ''juger'' from the 13th century.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|jugier]], [[inh|la|iūdicō|t=to pass judgement; to decide, assess]], from [[m|la|iūdex|t=judge]] (see [[juge]]).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|5, 56a) Littré and the GLLF analyse “iūdex” as formed from [[m|la|iūs|t=law]] and [[m|la|dīcō|t=to say]].^(Littré 1873)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|giudicare]], [[pro|jutjar]], [[es|juzgar]] and [[pt|julgar]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) ''jugier a mort'' is to sentence to death.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It took its legal sense, “to try a case”, in the 11th century, and in Jean de Meun's ''Roman de la Rose'' (1269–1278) it means to form an opinion of things and, with an adjective, “to consider as”.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Monstrelet (about 1450) uses it for giving one's view of someone.^(TLFi) The phrase ''au juger'' “by guesswork” probably comes from hunting, where ''juger une beste'' (about 1270) was to judge where the game was.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Classical French added ''juger de'' “to imagine” (1636, Corneille) and ''jugez si…'' (1656, Molière).^(TLFi) Used absolutely it is “to use one's discernment” (1564), a sense taken up in philosophy and psychology.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – ''Jugier a mort'', ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1270 – ''Juger une beste'', in hunting.^(TLFi)

+ * 1269–1278 – “To appraise; to consider as”, Jean de Meun.^(TLFi)

+ * 1283 – To try a case, Beaumanoir.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1564 – Absolute “to use discernment”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1636 – ''Juger de'' “to imagine”, Corneille.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(law)'' To [[m|en|try]], [[m|en|judge]]: ''juger une affaire, un accusé'', ''l'autorité de la chose jugée''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To decide as an arbiter: ''juger un différend'', ''l'histoire jugera''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To form an opinion of, assess: ''juger qqn sur ses actes'', ''juger de'', to judge of.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To consider, [[m|en|deem]]: ''juger utile de…'', ''je juge que…''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To imagine: ''jugez de ma surprise''.^(TLFi)

+ # ''Au juger'': by guesswork.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jugement]]

+ * [[jugeotte]]

+ * [[préjuger]]

+ * [[préjugé]]

+ * [[déjuger]]

+ * [[méjuger]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[juge]]

+ * [[la|iūdicō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}