retard French · revision 16574

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=back-formation|attested=1629, Journal de Clément Macheret|origins=la retardō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʁə.taʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /ʁə.tɑʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''retard''' ''m'' (plural retards)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a deverbal noun [[der|fr|retarder]], and replaced [[retardement]].^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) “Retarder” is from [[la|retardō|t=to delay]], Old French also had “retargier” until the 16th century (see [[tarder]]).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLFi finds it in 1629, in the journal of Clément Macheret, meaning doing something after the normal time, Bloch and Wartburg, the Grand Robert and the GLLF date it to 1677 (Duillier).^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Être en retard'' is in the Trévoux dictionary (1704), and ''sans retard'' in Florian (1792); the Académie has had the word since 1762.^(TLFi) In watchmaking it is the regulator that slows a watch (1765).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) From 1808 (Cabanis, on late puberty) it meant being less advanced than one should be, ''le retard des marées'' is in Littré (1870), and pyrotechnics uses it for a delay (1875).^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1629 – First recorded.^(TLFi)

+ * 1677 – Duillier.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1704 – ''Être en retard''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1762 – In the Académie.^(TLFi)

+ * 1765 – In watchmaking.^(TLFi)

+ * 1792 – ''Sans retard'', Florian.^(TLFi)

+ * 1808 – Backwardness, Cabanis.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Lateness, [[m|en|delay]]: ''être en retard'', ''le train a du retard'', ''avoir dix minutes de retard''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Sans retard'': without delay.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # Backwardness, being behind: ''en retard sur son temps'', ''l'esprit a toujours du retard sur le monde''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(watchmaking)'' The regulator that slows a watch.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[retarder]]

+ * [[retardement]]

+ * [[retardataire]]

+ * [[tard]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}