pain French · revision 16573

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont (pan)|origins=la pānis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /pɛ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Canada): /pẽ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Canada): [pẽĩ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /pɛŋ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pain''' ''m'' (plural pains)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''pan'' (end of the 10th century), ''pain'' (about 1050, ''Vie de saint Alexis'').^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|pānis|t=bread; lump, loaf, (Church Latin) food]], from its accusative “pānem”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|7, 543b)^(Wiktionary) Rey notes that the diminutive [[m|la|pāstillus]] (see [[pastille]]) suggests an older “*pasn-”, recalling the base of [[xcl|հաց|tr=hacʿ|t=bread]], and that a link with [[m|la|pāscō|t=to feed]] (see [[paître]]) is possible.^(DHLF 1992) Littré related it to a Sanskrit root “pā” “to feed”.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ Compare [[pro|pan]], [[pt|pão]] and [[it|pane]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ At the end of the 10th century the ''Passion'' of Clermont has ''pan'' in the context of the Last Supper; in everyday use ''un pain'', a loaf, is in the ''Voyage de saint Brendan'' (1120).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The ''pain cotidian'' of the Lord's Prayer and ''pain de lermes'' are in the Oxford Psalter (mid-12th century), ''pain beneoit'', the host, about 1200, ''pain à chanter'' in 1328 and ''pain d'espice'' in the 14th century.^(TLFi) Kinds of bread were named over the centuries: ''pain noir'' (about 1174), ''pain de munition'' (1562), ''pain de ménage'' (1603), ''pain viennois'' (1875); Quebec says ''pain brun'' for ''pain de son'' and Belgium ''pain intégral'' for ''pain complet''.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992) By analogy it names a block of something, like ''pain de sucre''.^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ Phrases followed: ''être au pain et au sel de'' “to be fed by” (1269), ''manger son pain blanc le premier'' (1515), ''gagner son pain'' (Montaigne, 1588), ''cela ne mange pas de pain'' (Furetière, 1690).^(TLFi) ''Avoir du pain sur la planche'' meant to be able to live without working (1852), and among the soldiers of 1914–18 ''il y a du pain sur la planche'' came to mean there is much to do.^(TLFi) In slang a ''pain'' is a punch.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 10th century – ''Pan'', ''Passion''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1120 – ''Un pain'', a loaf.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1200 – ''Pain beneoit'', the host.^(TLFi)

+ * 14th century – ''Pain d'espice''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1515 – ''Manger son pain blanc le premier''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1588 – ''Gagner son pain'', Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1690 – ''Cela ne mange pas de pain''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1914–18 – ''Du pain sur la planche'', much to do.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|bread]]: ''du pain frais'', ''pain de campagne'', ''pain complet'', ''pain d'épice'', gingerbread.^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # A loaf: ''un pain'', ''petit pain'', a roll.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # Food, livelihood: ''gagner son pain'', ''le pain quotidien''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # A block: ''un pain de savon'', ''pain de sucre''.^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(religion)'' ''Pain bénit'': blessed bread; the host.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(slang)'' A [[m|en|punch]], ''(music slang)'' a wrong note.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Avoir du pain sur la planche'': to have a lot to do, ''ça ne mange pas de pain'', it costs nothing.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[paner]]

+ * [[panure]]

+ * [[panetier]]

+ * [[panetière]]

+ * [[paneterie]]

+ * [[gagne-pain]]

+ * [[grille-pain]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[panier]]

+ * [[panifier]]

+ * [[apanage]]

+ * [[pastille]]

+ * [[la|pānis]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}