utiliser French · revision 16519

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1792, Necker}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /y.ti.li.ze/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''utiliser'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|fr|utile|-iser]].^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989) [[utile]] is borrowed from [[la|ūtilis|t=useful]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Wiktionary also suggests [[it|utilizzare]] as a model.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first record is in Necker's ''Du pouvoir exécutif'' (1792), which complains of new and barbarous verbs such as ''influencer'' and ''utiliser'' used in place of nouns.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Philipon de La Madeleine censured it again in 1802, and Littré notes that it seems to date from the Revolution; it spread in the middle of the 19th century, at first in technical writing (chemistry, 1803).^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)^(Grand Robert 2005) It first meant to put to use something not specially intended for it, to turn to account; the general sense “to use, employ”, competing with [[employer]] and ''se servir de'', is recorded in the 20th century (1949).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) The derivatives ''utilisation'' (1798) and ''utilisable'' (1842) followed.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1792 – First record, criticised by Necker.^(TLFi)

+ * 1798 – ''Utilisation''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1802 – Censured by Philipon de La Madeleine.^(TLFi)

+ * 1842 – ''Utilisable''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1949 – “To employ”.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|use]], employ: ''utiliser un outil'', ''utiliser un procédé''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make use of, turn to account: ''utiliser les restes'', ''utiliser son temps''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

+ # To use (a person) for one's ends.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[utilisation]]

+ * [[utilisable]]

+ * [[inutilisable]]

+ * [[inutilisé]]

+ * [[utilisateur]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[utile]]

+ * [[utilité]]

+ * [[user]]

+ * [[en|utilise]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}