chaud French · revision 16469

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland|origins=la caleō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʃo/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''chaud''' (feminine chaude, masculine plural chauds, feminine plural chaudes)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|chaut]], [[m|fro|chalt]], ''chauz''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|caldus|t=hot, (figurative) hot-headed]], the contracted form of [[m|la|calidus]], from [[m|la|caleō|t=to be hot]], the source also of [[chaloir]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(FEW|2, 87b) Littré read the “grant iholt” of the 10th-century Jonah fragment as an early spelling of the word.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ Cognate with [[ro|cald]], [[it|caldo]], [[oc|caud]], [[ca|cald]] and [[pro|caut]], Spanish and Portuguese “caldo” is only a noun, “broth”.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) uses it for a high temperature and, as a noun, for heat: ''Granz est li calz, si se leve la poudre'' (“great is the heat, and the dust rises”).^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Figurative uses came early: ''chaudes lermes'' (1165), whence ''pleurer à chaudes larmes'', and ''d'ire chauz'' “hot with anger” (1165), a sense kept in Swiss French ''être chaud'' “to be angry”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In 1243 ''une chaude novelle'' was a fresh piece of news, Jean de Meun (1275) uses it for “sensual”, and Adenet le Roi (1285) for “feverish”.^(TLFi) As a noun it gave ''ne faire ni chaud ni froid'' (about 1236) and ''au plus chaud de la mêlée'' (Montaigne, 1580); ''à chaud'' was applied to surgery in 1906.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Classical French used it for hot-headedness, modern French for enthusiasm, as in ''ne pas être chaud pour''.^(DHLF 1992) After English ''hot'' it is used in ''quartier chaud'' and ''point chaud'', and in African French of a dangerous situation; in Canadian French it can mean “drunk”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary) Waiters' ''chaud devant !'' warns of something hot being carried.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Adjective and noun in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1165 – ''Chaudes lermes'', ''d'ire chauz''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1243 – ''Chaude novelle'' “fresh news”.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1236 – ''Ce ne me fet ne froit ne chaut''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1275 – “Sensual”, in Jean de Meun.^(TLFi)

+ * 1863 – ''Chaud-froid''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1906 – ''À chaud'' in surgery.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|hot]], [[m|en|warm]]: ''eau chaude'', ''un climat chaud''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # Fresh, recent: ''une nouvelle toute chaude''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # Ardent, lively: ''une chaude discussion'', ''un chaud partisan''.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(familiar)'' Keen: ''il n'est pas chaud pour ce projet''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(familiar)'' Risky, troubled: ''quartier chaud'', ''point chaud''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(slang)'' Sexy; randy.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Canada, colloquial)'' Drunk, ''(Switzerland)'' angry.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # Heat: ''endurer le chaud et le froid'', ''avoir chaud'', to be hot.^(Larousse)

+ # ''(familiar)'' ''Avoir eu chaud'': to have had a narrow escape.^(Larousse)^(BHVF)

+ # ''À chaud'': in the heat of the moment, ''(surgery)'' during the acute phase.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Ne faire ni chaud ni froid'': to leave cold.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Hot: ''servir chaud'', ''(familiar)'' ''coûter chaud'', to cost a lot.^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[chaud-froid]]

+ * [[chaudement]]

+ * [[chaudeau]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[chaleur]]

+ * [[chauffer]]

+ * [[chaloir]]

+ * [[échauder]]

+ * [[la|calidus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Chaud devant !'' is a waiters' warning to make way for something hot.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}