malade French · revision 16468

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont (malabde)|origins=la male habitus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ma.lad/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''malade''' (plural malades)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|malabde]], then ''malade'' (1155).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|malabde]], [[inh|la|male habitus|t=in poor condition]], a phrase of imperial Latin (Aulus Gellius quotes “equum male habitum”, “a horse in bad condition”), from [[m|la|male|t=badly]] and [[m|la|habitus]], the past participle of [[m|la|habeō]] in the sense “to be in a certain state”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|6/1, 87b) It drove out classical [[m|la|aeger]], later “aegrōtus”, and [[m|la|morbidus]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi) Littré derived it from “male aptus” “unfit”, an explanation since abandoned.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|malato]], [[oc|malaut]] and [[ca|malalt]].^(REW 1935)^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ As ''malabde'' it is found in the ''Passion de Clermont'' (late 10th century), for someone whose health is impaired; the form ''malade'' is in Wace (1155), and the noun is dated 1126 by the Grand Robert.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Guillaume de Machaut (1357) has it figuratively, ''cuers qui d'amours sont malades'' (“hearts sick with love”).^(TLFi) In 1549 Robert Estienne applies it to a lawsuit in a bad way, Ronsard (1552) to reason, and Palissy (1563) to trees.^(TLFi) In the 17th century it was used of a diseased organ (1611), a damaged thing (1640) and a spoilt wine (1690), and ''être malade'' was also a euphemism for menstruating.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ The noun is common, as in ''grand malade'', and about 2000 ''comme un malade'' came to mean “like mad”.^(DHLF 1992) Familiarly ''un malade'' is also a madman or a fanatic: ''des malades du golf''.^(Wiktionary)^(Larousse) The derivative ''maladie'' dates from about 1150.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 10th century – ''Malabde'' in the ''Passion de Clermont''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1150 – The derivative ''maladie''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1155 – The form ''malade'', in Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * 1357 – ''Malade d'amour'', figuratively, in Machaut.^(TLFi)

+ * 1549 – Of a lawsuit, in Robert Estienne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1563 – Of plants, in Palissy.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 2000 – ''Comme un malade'' “like mad”.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|ill]], sick, unwell: ''gravement malade'', ''tomber malade''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # (of an animal or plant) Diseased, (of an organ) affected: ''une dent malade''.^(Larousse)

+ # Feeling sick: ''être malade en voiture''.^(Larousse)

+ # ''(figurative)'' In a bad way: ''une entreprise malade''.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(informal)'' Crazy, mad.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A sick person, a [[m|en|patient]].^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(familiar)'' A fanatic: ''un malade du golf''.^(Larousse)

+ # ''Comme un malade'': like mad.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[maladie]]

+ * [[maladif]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[garde-malade]]

+ * [[la|male habitus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}