hier French · revision 16467

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland (ier)|origins=la heri}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /jɛʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /i.jɛʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hier'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|ier]] and [[m|fro|er]], ''hier'' from 1176–1181, with an initial ⟨h⟩ added to stop the word being read ''jer''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|ier]], [[inh|la|heri|t=yesterday, (Late Latin) lately]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|4, 413a) Rey compares [[sa|ह्यस्|tr=hyás]] and Irish “in-dé”, Littré took “heri” from an older “*hesi”, as in [[m|la|hesternus|t=of yesterday]], beside [[de|gestern]] and [[en|yesterday]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) The GLLF attributes the ⟨h⟩ to the influence of Latin.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ Cognate with [[ro|ieri]], [[it|ieri]], [[ca|ahir]] and [[es|ayer]].^(REW 1935)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ As ''ier'' it is found in the ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100), meaning the day before; the same poem has ''ier main'' “yesterday morning”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was used as a noun from about 1350.^(TLFi) By the end of the 12th century it also meant “recently” (before 1188, ''Partonopeus de Blois''), a sense still alive in ''hier encore'' and ''comme si c'était hier''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) ''Ne pas être fait d'hier'' “to be experienced” is in Vadé (1756), later ''ne pas être né d'hier'', and ''cela ne date pas d'hier'' in 1803.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992) ''C'est pour hier'', of something extremely urgent, spread in the 1990s, and African French has ''hier nuit'' “last night”.^(DHLF 1992) The compound ''avant-hier'' “the day before yesterday” dates from about 1170.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – ''Ier'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1170 – ''Avant ier''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1176–1181 – The spelling ''hier'', in Chrétien de Troyes.^(TLFi)

+ * before 1188 – “Recently”.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1350 – Used as a noun.^(TLFi)

+ * 1756 – ''Ne pas être fait d'hier''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1990s – ''C'est pour hier''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|yesterday]]: ''hier matin'', ''hier soir''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # Recently: ''des techniques hier encore inconnues''.^(Larousse)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Comme si c'était hier'': as if it were yesterday.^(Larousse)

+ # ''Ne pas être né d'hier'': not to have been born yesterday.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(familiar)'' ''C'est pour hier'': it's extremely urgent.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # Yesterday: ''le journal d'hier'', ''vous aviez tout hier pour y penser''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[avant-hier]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|heri]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ It is pronounced [jɛʁ], formerly also [ijɛʁ].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(TLFi) A separate verb ''hier'' “to ram (paving stones) with a beetle”, from [[dum|heien]], is now obsolete.^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}