jeu French · revision 16445

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland (giu)|origins=la iocus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʒø/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jeu''' ''m'' (plural jeux)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|giu]], [[m|fro|geu]] (about 1160) and [[m|fro|gieu]].^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|giu]], [[inh|la|iocus|t=joke, jest, play with words]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|5, 42b) Often paired with [[m|la|lūdus|t=play, game]], “iocus” replaced it in Vulgar Latin and took over all its senses.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) Rey compares Indo-European words for speech such as [[wlm|ieith|t=language]] and [[goh|jehan|t=to declare]].^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Cognate with [[ro|joc]], [[it|gioco]], [[oc|joc]], [[ca|joc]], [[es|juego]] and [[pt|jogo]]; [[en|joke]] is from the same Latin word.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ As ''giu'' it is found about 1100 in the ''Chanson de Roland'', meaning amusement: ''Greignor fais porte par giu quant il s'enveise'' (“he carries a heavier load in play, when he amuses himself”).^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the start it meant both free amusement and play organized by rules, with winning and losing; about 1160 the ''Roman d'Eneas'' has ''gius'' for athletic contests and ''ce n'est pas jous'' “this is no trifle”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) About 1200 it meant the stake, and the rules: ''Qui en gieu entre, bien doit gieu consentir'' (“whoever joins the game must accept the game”).^(TLFi) The ''Jeu de saint Nicolas'' of Jean Bodel shows its use for a play; by 1680 it was an actor's manner of acting, and ''vieux jeu'' (1511, ''c'est le vieil jeu'') may come from the stage.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ By metonymy it named the things one plays with (''jus d'eskés'' “chessmen”, about 1200), the place (''geu de paume'', 1385), a pack of cards (1451) and a player's hand (1580).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) An organ stop is ''jeu'' in 1515, the way of playing an instrument in 1559 or 1690, and the free movement or clearance of a part in a machine in 1689.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Gambling, ''le jeu'', is recorded after 1550, ''jeu de mots'' is in Molière's ''Misanthrope'' (1666), ''jeux d'eau'' in 1704 and ''d'entrée de jeu'' in 1689.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Coubertin revived the ''jeux Olympiques'' in 1894.^(TLFi) In tennis a ''jeu'' is a game within a set (1936).^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – ''Giu'' “amusement”, in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1160 – Athletic contests, in the ''Roman d'Eneas''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1200 – The stake; the rules; chessmen.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1223 – ''Faire le jeu de quelqu'un'' in Gautier de Coinci.^(TLFi)

+ * 1451 – A pack of cards.^(TLFi)

+ * 1511 – ''C'est le vieil jeu'' in Gringore.^(TLFi)

+ * 1515 – An organ stop.^(TLFi)

+ * 1666 – ''Jeu de mots'' in Molière.^(TLFi)

+ * 1689 – Clearance in a mechanism.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1894 – Coubertin's ''jeux Olympiques''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|play]], amusement: ''par jeu'', ''le besoin du jeu chez l'enfant''.^(Le Robert)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ # A [[m|en|game]] with rules: ''jeu de cartes'', ''jeu de société'', ''jeu vidéo''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # [[m|en|gambling]]: ''perdre au jeu'', ''faites vos jeux''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A set of objects: ''un jeu de cartes'', ''un jeu de clés''; a player's hand of cards.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(theatre, music)'' A way of acting a part or playing an instrument.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+ # An organ [[m|en|stop]].^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(mechanics)'' Play, clearance between parts: ''avoir du jeu''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(tennis)'' A game within a set.^(BHVF)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A way of acting, a manoeuvre: ''cacher son jeu'', ''double jeu''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''En jeu'': at stake, ''jeu de mots'': a pun, ''vieux jeu'': old-fashioned.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[enjoué]]

+ * [[enjeu]]

+ * [[hors-jeu]]

+ * [[franc-jeu]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[jouer]]

+ * [[joueur]]

+ * [[joyau]]

+ * [[la|iocus]]

+ * [[en|joke]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}