guerre French · revision 16400

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland|origins=frk *werra}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɡɛʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''guerre''' ''f'' (plural guerres)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|guerre]], [[bor|frk|*werra|t=confusion, disorder; quarrel]], reconstructed from [[goh|werra|t=scandal; quarrel]] and [[dum|werre|t=confusion; quarrel; war]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|17, 567a) Wiktionary gives the Frankish form as “*werʀu” and the Medieval Latin as [[m|la-med|werra]], which is recorded in the 9th century.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+

+ The Germanic word displaced [[la|bellum|t=war]], which left learned derivatives such as [[belliqueux]]; the change reflects the Germanization of the Roman armies and their replacement by the Frankish military order.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|guerra]], [[es|guerra]] and [[pt|guerra]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in the ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100), both of armed struggle between peoples and of a particular war.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ About 1150 (Wace) it also meant enmity or a quarrel between individuals.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Old French had other words for fighting, such as ''bataille'' and ''estor'', and ''combat'' only appeared in the 16th century, ''guerre'' gradually came to mean a whole set of military operations.^(DHLF 1992) ''Guerre civile'' dates from the late 14th century, ''guerre sainte'' from 1690, and ''nom de guerre'', the name a soldier took on enlisting (1660), became a figurative “pseudonym” (1671).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Military matters and organization as a whole are meant in ''conseil de guerre'' (Richelet, 1680), and ''de guerre lasse'' “for want of strength to resist” is in Saint-Simon (before 1755).^(TLFi) ''Guerre révolutionnaire'' is in Victor Hugo (1842).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 9th century – Medieval Latin ''werra''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Guerre'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Guerrier'' and ''guerroyer''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * c. 1150 – A quarrel between individuals, in Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * Late 14th century – ''Guerre civile''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1535 – ''Aguerrir''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1660 – ''Nom de guerre''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1680 – ''Conseil de guerre'' in Richelet.^(TLFi)

+ * Before 1755 – ''De guerre lasse'' in Saint-Simon.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|war]], armed struggle between states or groups: ''déclarer la guerre'', ''en temps de guerre''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # A particular war: ''la Première Guerre mondiale'', ''guerre civile''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # Military affairs: ''conseil de guerre'', ''ministère de la Guerre''.^(TLFi)

+ # A struggle or [[m|en|conflict]] of any kind: ''guerre économique'', ''guerre des prix''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Nom de guerre'': a [[m|en|pseudonym]], ''de guerre lasse'': giving in from weariness.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[guerrier]]

+ * [[guerroyer]]

+ * [[aguerrir]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[belliqueux]]

+ * [[en|war]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}