jouer French · revision 16361

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland (juer)|origins=la iocus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʒwe/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /ʒu.e/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jouer'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''juer'', ''joer'' (about 1100–1170); ''jouer'' from the 13th century.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|joer]], [[inh|la|iocor|t=to jest, joke]], from [[m|la|iocus|t=jest]], the source of [[jeu]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|5, 36a)^(Wiktionary) In late Latin “iocārī” replaced [[m|la|lūdō|t=to play]] and took over its senses, “to play a game”, “to take exercise”, “to play a part” and “to mock, deceive”, just as “iocus” replaced [[m|la|lūdus]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Cognate with [[ro|juca]], [[it|giocare]], [[oc|jogar]], [[es|jugar]] and [[pt|jogar]].^(REW 1935)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ About 1100 the ''Chanson de Roland'' has ''juer'' “to amuse oneself” and ''juer as eschecs'' “to play chess”: ''As eschez juent pur els esbaneier'' “they play at chess to divert themselves”.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The first sense, “to amuse oneself, jest”, also had a reflexive form ''se jouer'' (about 1165), later kept for “to frolic” and ''se jouer de'' “to make light of, mock” (1671).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) From the start it was used with ''à'' for games, especially games of chance, ''jouer de'' with a musical instrument dates from about 1225, and ''jouer le personnage'', to play a part, from about 1400.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ From the 13th century ''jouer de'' also meant to move a part of the body, and in 1616 ''faire jouer l'artillerie''.^(TLFi) From 1559 it meant “to move freely”, of a balance; later of a door or joint that no longer fits (1867).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Rey sees the influence of English ''play'' in transitive sports uses such as ''jouer un adversaire''.^(DHLF 1992) In Swiss French ''ça joue'' means “that works”.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – ''Juer'' and ''juer as eschecs'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1165 – Reflexive ''se joer'' in Benoît de Sainte-Maure.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1225 – ''Jouer de'' a musical instrument.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1400 – ''Jouer le personnage'', to play a part.^(TLFi)

+ * 1559 – Used of a balance that moves freely.^(TLFi)

+ * 1671 – ''Se jouer des difficultés''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1715 – The children's word ''joujou''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|play]], amuse oneself: ''les enfants jouent''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''Jouer à'': to play a game or sport: ''jouer aux cartes'', ''jouer au football''.^(Wiktionary)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''Jouer de'': to play a musical instrument: ''jouer du piano''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # To play, perform (a piece, a role); to act: ''jouer Hamlet''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To [[m|en|gamble]], stake: ''jouer sa fortune''.^(Wiktionary)^(Le Robert)

+ # To move freely; of wood or a joint, to warp, have play.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Se jouer de'': to make light of, ''(dated)'' to deceive.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[déjouer]]

+ * [[jouable]]

+ * [[jouet]]

+ * [[joueur]]

+ * [[rejouer]]

+ * [[joujou]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[jongleur]]

+ * [[la|iocus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}