rendre French · revision 16346

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 980, Passion de Clermont|origins=la reddō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʁɑ̃dʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rendre'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|rendre]], [[inh|la-vul|*rendō]], an alteration of [[la|reddō|t=to give back]] under the influence of [[m|la-vul|*prendō]] “to take”, its opposite.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|10, 171a) Latin “reddere” is formed from [[m|la|re-|alt=red-|t=back]] and [[m|la|dō|t=to give]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992) Littré instead explained the “n” as an intercalated nasal.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|rendere]], [[oc|rendre]], [[es|rendir]] and [[pt|render]]; the unaltered Latin form survives in [[ro|reda]], [[ca|retre]] and Old Occitan “redre”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ About 980 the ''Passion'' of Clermont has ''La sua morz vida nos rend'' “his death gives us back life”; the ''Vie de saint Léger'' of the same period uses it for giving back what was entrusted.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the first texts it meant to give back in return, to restore or repay (''rendre des coups'', 1080) and to discharge a duty or give thanks (''rendre grâces'').^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) From 1080 it also meant to hand over, surrender (''rendre les armes'') and to deliver an opinion: ''rendre compte'' (1155), ''rendre un jugement'' (about 1170).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) ''Se rendre'' “to capitulate” dates from about 1160.^(TLFi)

+

+ The idea of giving up what cannot be kept gave “to vomit” (about 1165) and ''rendre l'âme'' “to die” (1256).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) From the sense “to bring into a state” came the very common “to make” (''rendre heureux'', 1080).^(DHLF 1992) Since the 16th century it has also meant to reproduce or express (''rendre un effet'', 1531), whence to translate.^(DHLF 1992) ''Rendre visite'' is from 1669.^(DHLF 1992) The verb passed into English as ''to render'' in the 14th century.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 980 – ''Rend'' in the ''Passion'' of Clermont.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Rendre colps'' and ''rendre ses armes'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1155 – ''Rendre cunte'' in Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1160 – ''Se rendre'' “to surrender”.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1165 – The sense “to vomit”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1256 – ''Rendre l'âme''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1584 – ''Rendez-vous''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * c. 1590 – ''Rendre la pareille'' in Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1669 – ''Rendre visite''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To give [[m|en|back]], [[m|en|return]]: ''rendre un livre prêté'', ''rendre la monnaie''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # To give in return or as due: ''rendre service'', ''rendre hommage'', ''rendre visite''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # To make, cause to be: ''rendre heureux'', ''rendre public''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To deliver, pronounce: ''rendre un jugement'', ''rendre compte''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To express, convey, [[m|en|translate]]: ''rendre une idée''.^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|yield]], produce: ''cette terre rend bien''.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|vomit]]: ''rendre son déjeuner''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Se rendre'': to surrender; to go somewhere: ''se rendre à Paris''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rendez-vous]]

+ * [[rendu]]

+ * [[rendement]]

+ * [[rente]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[prendre]]

+ * [[reddition]]

+ * [[la|reddō]]

+ * [[en|render]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}