donner French · revision 16310

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=842, Strasbourg Oaths|origins=la dō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /dɔ.ne/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''donner'''^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Dunar'' in the Strasbourg Oaths (842); Old French [[m|fro|doner]] (10th century); ''donner'' from the 13th century.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|doner]], [[inh|la|dōnō|t=to make a gift of, present]], a verb formed from [[m|la|dōnum|t=gift]], itself from [[m|la|dō|t=to give]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|3, 136a) In Late Latin “dōnāre”, with its regular and complete forms, competed with the classical “dare” and replaced it in Gallo-Romance, where “dare” left only traces; [[it|dare]] survives beside [[m|it|donare]], and [[es|dar]] beside [[m|es|donar]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi) In its turn “donner” competed with [[bailler]], which it eliminated.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Rey relates “dare” to an Indo-European root “*dō-” “to give”, found in [[sa|ददामि|tr=dádāmi|t=I give]] and in Greek, and absent from Germanic and Celtic.^(DHLF 1992) Cognate with [[it|donare]], [[oc|donar]], [[ca|donar]], [[es|donar]] and [[pt|doar]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is one of the first words recorded in the Romance of Gaul, in the Strasbourg Oaths (842), in the sense “to grant, confer”: ''in quant Deus savir et podir me dunat'' “in so far as God gives me knowledge and power”.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Most of its senses had developed before the 13th century.^(DHLF 1992) “To make a present of” is found in the second half of the 10th century, with ''donner l'aumône'' about 1050, “to hand over, put at someone's disposal” (about 980), “to procure, grant” and “to give advice” (1050), and “to give one's word” (1080) followed.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) With other complements it meant “to apply” (a kiss, about 980) and “to deal” (blows, 1080), and, moving away from the idea of a gift, “to pay” (1050), “to value at” (1130) and “to yield, bring in” (1160–1170).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) ''Donner bataille'' (1080) has been replaced by ''livrer bataille''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ From “to indicate, inform” (about 1250) came the slang sense “to inform on, denounce to the police” (1828–1829), shared by [[donneur]] “informer” (1901).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) ''Donner dans'' “to reach, run into” is recorded in the second half of the 16th century and figuratively in Montaigne (1580).^(TLFi) Card players have said ''donner'' “to deal” since at least 1627.^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 842 – ''Dunat'' in the Strasbourg Oaths.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 2nd half of the 10th century – “To give as a present”, in the ''Passion de Clermont''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1050 – ''Donner l'aumône'' in the ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – “To deal (blows)” and ''donner bataille'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1269–1278 – ''Donner à entendre'' in Jean de Meun's ''Roman de la Rose''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1580 – ''Donner dans'' in a figurative sense, in Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1627 – “To deal (cards)”.^(BHVF)

+ * 1829 – Slang “to inform on to the police”.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To give, make a present of: ''donner des jouets à ses enfants''; to [[m|en|donate]].^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To hand over, pass: ''Donne-moi le sel.''^(Le Robert)^(TLFi)

+ # To grant, provide: ''donner la permission'', ''donner un conseil''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To deal, apply: ''donner un coup'', ''donner un baiser''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To [[m|en|yield|alt=Yield]], produce: ''Cet arbre donne beaucoup de fruits.''^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+ # To put on, hold: ''donner une fête'', ''donner un concert''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # To cause: ''donner faim'', ''donner du souci''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(slang)'' To inform on, [[m|en|denounce]] to the police.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(card games)'' To [[m|en|deal]].^(BHVF)

+ # ''Donner sur'': to look onto, open onto: ''une fenêtre qui donne sur la cour''.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[donne]]

+ * [[donneur]]

+ * [[adonner]]

+ * [[maldonne]]

+ * [[redonner]]

+ * [[donnée]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[don]]

+ * [[donation]]

+ * [[la|dōnō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}