trop French · revision 16303

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland|origins=frk *þorp}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /tʁo/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /tʁɔ.p‿/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /tʁo.p‿/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /tʁɔ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''trop'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|frk|*þorp|t=heap, gathering; village]], with metathesis; the Frankish word also gave [[la-med|troppus|t=herd, flock]], recorded from about 700 (“troppo de jumentis” “a herd of mares”, about 720, in the “Lex Alamannorum”).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)^(FEW|17, 395b) The idea of a gathering led to that of excess.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ The Frankish word comes from [[gem-pro|*þurpą|t=village]] and is related to [[got|𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀|tr=þaurp]], [[ang|þorp|t=village]], [[de|Dorf]], [[nl|dorp]] and [[en|thorp]].^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Rey also mentions [[cy|tref|t=town]] and Old Breton “treb” “dwelling”, which may point to a related Gaulish stem.^(DHLF 1992) [[pro|trop]] and [[it|troppo]] were taken from French.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007) The same Frankish word is behind [[troupe]] and [[troupeau]].^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found about 1100 in the ''Chanson de Roland'', meaning “excessively”: ''trop nus est loinz Carles'' “Charles is too far from us”.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the same text ''trop'' also meant simply “very, much” without any idea of excess (''trop avez tendre coer'').^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) This sense, alive in classical French in ''trop bien'' (about 1175), ''trop mieux'' (about 1360) and ''trop plus'' (1381), is now considered incorrect, except in polite formulas (''vous êtes trop aimable'', 1671), in endearments (''il est trop mignon'') and in ''ne … que trop'' (1580).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Young people's French has used ''trop'' almost as an adjective since about 1970 (''il est trop''), perhaps after English ''too much''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Other phrases include ''trop peu'' (about 1274), ''par trop'' (about 1350), ''trop … pour'' (1456), ''c'en est trop'' (1655), ''de trop'' “in excess” (1643) and ''être de trop'' “to be unwelcome” (1670).^(TLFi)^(BHVF)^(DHLF 1992) As a noun, ''le trop'' “excess” is found about 1250, and ''trop c'est trop'' in 1678 (earlier ''trop est trop'', 1611).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 720 – Medieval Latin ''troppo'' “herd” in the ''Lex Alamannorum''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Trop'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1250 – The noun ''le trop''.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1350 – ''Par trop''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1643 – ''De trop'' “in excess”.^(BHVF)

+ * 1670 – ''Être de trop'' in Molière.^(TLFi)

+ * 1671 – ''Trop-plein'', figuratively, in Mme de Sévigné.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1970 – ''Il est trop'' in young people's French.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Too, [[m|en|excessively]]: ''trop cher'', ''trop tard''.^(Le Robert)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # Too much: ''Elle a trop bu.''^(Le Robert)

+ # ''Trop de'': too much, too many: ''trop de monde''.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+ # Very, really, in polite formulas and colloquially: ''Vous êtes trop aimable'', ''il est trop mignon''.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''De trop'', ''en trop'': in excess, ''être de trop'', to be in the way, unwelcome.^(Larousse)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Ne … que trop'': only too well: ''Je ne le sais que trop.''^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Pas trop'': not very, not much.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''Le trop'': [[m|en|excess|alt=Excess]]: ''le trop et le trop peu''.^(Littré 1873)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[trop-plein]]

+ * [[trop-perçu]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[troupe]]

+ * [[troupeau]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}