monde French · revision 16285

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1135, Couronnement de Louis|origins=la mundus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /mɔ̃d/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''monde''' ''m'' (plural mondes)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|mont]], [[m|fro|mund]] (about 980), the inherited form, then ''monde'' (about 1131–1135).^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|mundus|t=the world; the universe]], a semi-learned form that replaced Old French [[m|fro|mont]], the inherited outcome of the same Latin word, which was common in the 12th and 13th centuries but gave way, largely because it clashed with [[mont]] “mountain”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|6/3, 218a)

+

+ The Latin noun first meant a chest or casket, especially the one in which a bride brought her trousseau; some etymologists connect it with the name of an Etruscan goddess of adornment, “Munthukh”.^(DHLF 1992) It came to mean “woman's toilet, finery”, probably under the influence of the adjective [[m|la|mundus|t=clean, elegant]], and was then chosen to name the universe in imitation of [[grc|κόσμος|tr=kósmos|t=order, ornament; world]], which had followed the same path.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873) In imperial Latin it was narrowed to the earth and its people, and Church Latin opposed it to heaven, with the sense “profane, worldly”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|mondo]], [[ca|món]], [[es|mundo]] and [[pt|mundo]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found about 1135 in the ''Couronnement de Louis'' in the sense “the whole of created things”; the inherited ''mont'' is found in Wace's ''Vie de sainte Marguerite'' (1135) for the globe of the earth (''les homes de cest mont'').^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the first texts ''monde'' meant both creation as a whole, as in ''depuis que le monde est monde'' (1549), and the earth, ''le Nouveau Monde'' (1516) arose from the great voyages of discovery, and ''l'Ancien Monde'' followed (1690).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Birth and death gave ''venir au monde'' (1560), ''mettre au monde'' (1671) and ''l'autre monde'' (1585).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ By about 1145 the word meant human society, and later a social group (1589) and, with the court society, the fashionable world of luxury and amusement (about 1584): ''le grand monde'' (1640), ''homme du monde'' (1644).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The vague sense “people” is old: ''toz li mon'' “everyone” (1135) is the ancestor of ''tout le monde'', and ''du monde'' “people” dates from 1530, Bloch and Wartburg trace it to Latin, where the Vulgate already has ''totus mundus''.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) French-based creoles formed ''timoun'' “child” from ''petit monde''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 980 – Inherited Old French ''mund''.^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * c. 1135 – ''Monde'' “all created things”, in the ''Couronnement de Louis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1145 – “Human society”, in Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * 1516 – ''Le Nouveau Monde'' “America”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1530 – ''Du monde'' “people”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1560 – ''Venir au monde''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1584 – “Fashionable society”, in Brantôme.^(TLFi)

+ * 1640 – ''Le grand monde''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1690 – ''L'Ancien Monde''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|world]], the universe, all that exists.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The earth, the globe; a part of it: ''faire le tour du monde'', ''le Nouveau Monde''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # [[m|en|mankind|alt=Mankind]], the human community: ''l'histoire du monde''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # People: ''du monde'', ''beaucoup de monde'', ''tout le monde'', everyone.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # A sphere, milieu: ''le monde des affaires''.^(TLFi)

+ # Fashionable society: ''le grand monde'', ''un homme du monde''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(religion)'' Secular life, as opposed to religious life.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # ''(Louisiana)'' Good heavens!^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[demi-monde]]

+ * [[mondial]]

+ * [[tiers-monde]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mondain]]

+ * [[la|mundus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ An archaic adjective ''monde'' “pure, clean” (12th century, ''munde'' about 1155), from Latin ''mundus'' “clean, refined”, is a separate word, Littré regretted that its use had become so restricted.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary) The same adjective is behind [[immonde]] and [[émonder]].^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}