après French · revision 16281

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=10th century, Vie de saint Léger|origins=la-lat ad pressum}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /a.pʁɛ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /a.pʁɛ.z‿/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''après'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|aprés]], [[inh|la-lat|ad pressum|t=near, close by]], formed from [[m|la|ad|t=to, at]] and “pressum”, the neuter of [[m|la|pressus|t=pressed, close]], past participle of [[m|la|premō|t=to press]], used as an adverb.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)^(FEW|24, 178b) Bloch and Wartburg cite it from the “Mulomedicina”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) In Gaul it replaced classical [[la|post|t=after]], which survives in [[it|poi]], [[es|pues]] and [[pro|pos]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ The original sense “near, pressed against” is kept by [[pro|apres]] and [[it|appresso]].^(DHLF 1992) In French the spatial sense was shared out between “après”, Old French [[m|fro|empres]] and the later [[auprès]], and the idea of nearness gave way to that of succession, under the influence of its opposite [[avant]].^(DHLF 1992) Wiktionary compares obsolete [[es|aprés]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found as an adverb meaning “afterwards” in the 10th-century ''Vie de saint Léger''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As a preposition it is recorded of time in 1130–1160 (''apres ma mort'' “after my death”) and of following in space about 1100 (''Baligant qui apres tei chevalchet'' “Baligant, who rides after you”); the sense “near” lasted only through the Middle Ages.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) It took an infinitive about 1175 (''après mangier''), and the conjunction ''après que'' appears about 1200, with the indicative.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Courir après'' “to pursue” is figurative from the 15th century.^(TLFi) ''Ci-après'' “below (in a text)” dates from the late 14th century, ''après tout'' from 1641, ''après coup'' from the mid-17th century, and ''d'après'' “according to” has been common since the 17th century.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ The old spatial value survives in the popular use of ''après'' for ''à'' or ''sur'' (''la clé est après la porte'') and in ''être furieux après quelqu'un'', both usual in Canada, where ''être après'' with an infinitive also means “to be in the course of”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary) ''Par après'' “afterwards” is archaic in France but usual in Belgium and Quebec.^(DHLF 1992) English borrowed the word as [[en|après]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – Adverb ''apres'' “afterwards”, in the ''Vie de saint Léger''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – Spatial preposition in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1130–1160 – Temporal preposition, ''apres ma mort''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1175 – With an infinitive, ''après mangier''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1200 – ''Après que''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * Late 14th century – ''Ci-après''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1641 – ''Après tout'' in Corneille's ''Cinna''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1690 – ''Après coup'' in Furetière.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|after|alt=After]], later than: ''après les vacances'', ''après avoir dîné''.^(Larousse)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # After, beyond, in space or order: ''Le cinéma est après la mairie.''^(Larousse)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # After, below in rank: ''Le capitaine vient après le commandant.''^(Larousse)

+ # After, in pursuit of: ''courir après les honneurs''.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(familiar)'' At, against: ''être furieux après quelqu'un''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Larousse)

+ # ''D'après'': according to; after (a model).^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Après tout'': all things considered.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|afterwards|alt=Afterwards]], later: ''Je te le dirai après.''^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Et après ?'': so what?^(DHLF 1992)^(BHVF)

+ # ''(Quebec)'' ''Être après'' with an infinitive: to be in the course of doing.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[après-midi]]

+ * [[après-demain]]

+ * [[après-guerre]]

+ * [[ci-après]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[auprès]]

+ * [[près]]

+ * [[avant]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Après que'' takes the indicative, but the subjunctive, on the model of ''avant que'', is now very frequent though criticized.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}