parler French · revision 16255

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=937–952, Jonas fragment|origins=grc παραβολή}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /paʁ.le/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''parler'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|parlier]] (10th century), ''paroler'', ''parler''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|parler]], [[inh|la-lat|parabolō|alt=parabolāre]], a verb of Church Latin (7th century) derived from [[m|la|parabola]], which in the Gospel sense “parable of Christ”, then “word of Christ”, gave [[parabole]] and [[parole]].^(DHLF 1992)^(FEW|7, 606a)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) The verb developed in the same way: “to express by metaphor”, then “to express in words”, “to converse”, “to agree on something” and “to plead one's cause”.^(DHLF 1992) “Parabola” is from [[grc|παραβολή|tr=parabolḗ|t=comparison]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ It eliminated Classical Latin [[m|la|loquor|t=to speak]]; another familiar verb, [[m|la|fābulor|t=to chat]], won in the Iberian Peninsula: [[es|hablar]], [[pt|falar]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Cognate with [[it|parlare]] and [[pro|parlar]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The perfect ''parla'' is found in the Jonas fragment (937–952).^(TLFi) In the ''Vie de saint Léger'' (second half of the 10th century) it means “to use the articulate sounds of human language”: Léger, his tongue cut out, ''hor a perdud don deu parlier'' “has now lost the gift of speech”.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the first records ''parler'' meant “to use language to express one's thought”, and at the end of the 10th century “to make one's will known by a speech”.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) About 1100 it meant “to express oneself” (''Ben set parler'' “he can speak well”), and in 1174–76 “to confer with someone”.^(TLFi) Phrases include ''parler haut'' (about 1283, figuratively “to speak with authority”), ''parler du nez'' (1606) and ''généralement parlant'' (Descartes, 1641).^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi) The infinitive became a noun, ''le parler'' “speech, way of speaking”, about 1155, and in linguistics “a local form of speech” in 1665.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ The derivative ''parlement'' (about 1080) meant “conversation”; from the 13th century it named judicial assemblies, and in Anglo-Norman from 1275 the English legislative assembly, which became [[en|parliament]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) ''Haut-parleur'' (about 1925) is a calque of English ''loudspeaker''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 937–952 – ''Parla'' in the Jonas fragment.^(TLFi)

+ * 2nd half of 10th century – “To speak” in the ''Vie de saint Léger''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1080 – ''Parlement'' “conversation”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * c. 1155 – The noun ''parler''.^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1275 – ''Parlement'' for the English assembly, in Anglo-Norman.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1606 – ''Parler du nez''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1665 – ''Parler'' “local speech”.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ * c. 1925 – ''Haut-parleur''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|speak]], to [[m|en|talk]]: to use articulate speech: ''l'enfant apprend à parler''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To speak (a language): ''parler anglais''.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Parler de'': to talk about, ''parler à'': to talk to, to converse with.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To make a speech, to express one's will: ''l'orateur a parlé''.^(TLFi)

+ # ''(heraldry)'' To [[m|en|cant]], of arms that pun on the bearer's name.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A way of speaking: ''son parler avait quelque chose de rude''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(linguistics)'' A local form of speech, a [[m|en|dialect]]: ''les parlers régionaux''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[parleur]]

+ * [[parloir]]

+ * [[parlote]]

+ * [[reparler]]

+ * [[parlement]]

+ * [[franc-parler]]

+ * [[haut-parleur]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[parlotte]]

+ * [[parole]]

+ * [[bavarder]]

+ * [[discuter]]

+ * [[jacasser]]

+ * [[jaser]]

+ * [[parabole]]

+ * [[la|parabola]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}