homme French · revision 16235

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 980, Passion de Clermont|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰmṓ}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɔm/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Louisiana): [ɔ̃m]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''homme''' ''m'' (plural hommes)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|omne]] (about 980), [[m|fro|ome]] (about 1050), [[m|fro|hume]] (1080); ''homme'' from the late 12th century.^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) The nominative ''hom'', ''huem'' gave [[on]].^(Littré 1873)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|home]], [[inh|la|homō|alt=hominem|t=human being]], the accusative of “homō”.^(DHLF 1992)^(FEW|4, 453b)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) In imperial Latin “homō” came to mean a rational being, as opposed to a beast, and replaced [[m|la|vir|t=man]]; in the plural it meant “soldiers”, and in the singular “a living person” as opposed to the dead and the gods.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) It goes back to an Indo-European word for “earth”, the man being “the earthly one”, opposed to the gods, as in [[m|la|humus|t=earth]] and [[grc|χθών|tr=khthṓn|t=earth]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) Wiktionary gives Old Latin [[m|la|hemō]], from [[ine-pro|*ǵʰmṓ|t=earthling]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[ro|om]], [[it|uomo]], [[oc|òme]], [[ca|home]], [[es|hombre]] and [[pt|homem]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Passion de Clermont'' (about 980) has ''hom'' for a human being as a species (''hom carnels'' “man of flesh”) and for the human male (''li om primers'' “the first man”, Adam).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Most of the Latin senses are found in French before the end of the 14th century.^(DHLF 1992) About 1050 ''hume'' meant “husband”, a sense always kept in familiar speech, and about 1100 “warrior” and “vassal”.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) ''Homme'' of a man of a given origin or condition is found in 1160–75, and of a man as regards his trade about 1260.^(TLFi) ''Homme sauvage'' (about 1700) and ''homme des bois'' (1794) first meant the orang-utan.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Derivatives and compounds include [[hommage]] (12th century, a feudal term, figurative from the 17th), [[bonhomme]] (12th century), ''bonhomie'' (1736) and ''surhomme'' (1898), a calque of German ''Übermensch'' in Nietzsche's sense.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 980 – ''Hom'' in the ''Passion de Clermont''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1050 – ''Hume'' “husband” in the ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – “Warrior” and “vassal” in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 12th century – ''Hommage'' and ''bonhomme''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1383 – Of a man come to maturity, in Froissart.^(TLFi)

+ * 1736 – ''Bonhomie''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1898 – ''Surhomme''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|man]]: a human being, ''l'homme'', the human species.^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # A man, an adult male: ''un homme et une femme''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # A man with the qualities thought proper to his sex: ''sois un homme !''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # A man as regards his trade or condition: ''un homme d'affaires'', ''un homme de lettres''.^(TLFi)

+ # A man under someone's orders; a soldier, a worker: ''le capitaine et ses hommes''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(familiar)'' Husband, partner: ''son homme''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hommage]]

+ * [[hommasse]]

+ * [[bonhomme]]

+ * [[bonhomie]]

+ * [[surhomme]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hominidé]]

+ * [[humain]]

+ * [[humanité]]

+ * [[on]]

+ * [[masculin]]

+ * [[humble]]

+ * [[la|homō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}