quand French · revision 16225

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=10th century, Vie de saint Léger|origins=la quandō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kɑ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /kɑ̃.t‿/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Quebec): /kã/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Louisiana): [(e)kɑ̃]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''quand'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|quant]] (10th century), ''quand'' from the 14th century, spelled after Latin and to distinguish it from ''quant (à)''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|quant]], [[inh|la|quandō|t=when]], an adverb and conjunction which, from the oldest texts, has the same sense as [[m|la|cum|t=when]].^(DHLF 1992)^(FEW|2, 1416b)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary) Classical Latin partly distinguished “quandō” from “cum”, using it as an interrogative and causally (“since”), but familiar Latin tended to replace “cum” with “quandō”, which is why it survived with its sense of time in the Romance languages.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) It belongs to the Indo-European stem “*kʷ-” of relatives and interrogatives, and is probably formed from “*quamdo”, from [[m|la|quam|t=how]] and a particle “-do” also seen in [[m|la|dōnec|t=until]] and [[en|to]].^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|quando]] and [[es|cuando]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ ''Quant'' is found in the 10th century, in the ''Vie de saint Léger''; about 1050, in the ''Vie de saint Alexis'', it means “at the same time as”.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Besides its sense of time, ''quand'' was causal, “as, since”, about 1050, adversative, “whereas”, about 1100, and conditional, “in case”, in 1176 (Chrétien de Troyes).^(TLFi) ''Quand même'' + conditional “even if” is found in 1573 and ''quand bien même'' in 1580.^(TLFi) As an interrogative adverb, “at what time?”, it is found from the 11th century, and with prepositions (''depuis quand'', ''à quand'') from the 16th–17th centuries.^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi) In familiar use it introduces an object clause (''j'aime quand il parle'').^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – ''Quant'' in the ''Vie de saint Léger''.^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * c. 1050 – Of time and of cause, in the ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1176 – Conditional ''quant'', in Chrétien de Troyes.^(TLFi)

+ * 14th century – The spelling ''quand''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1558 – ''À quand''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1580 – ''Quand bien'' + conditional.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|when]]: at the time that: ''quand vous aurez fini, vous partirez''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Whenever, each time that: ''quand il pleut, je reste''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # When, whereas: marks a contrast: ''il se plaint quand il a tout''.^(TLFi)

+ # ''Quand même'', ''quand bien même'' + conditional: even if.^(TLFi)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # When, at what time: ''quand viendrez-vous ?'', ''depuis quand ?''.^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[lorsque]]

+ * [[que]]

+ * [[qui]]

+ * [[quoi]]

+ * [[quant]]

+ * [[la|quandō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Quand'' is pronounced with [t] in liaison when it is a conjunction (''quand il est venu''), but usually not as an adverb (''quand irez-vous ?'').^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005) ''Quand même'' is also an adverb, “all the same”.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}