se French · revision 16219

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=842, Serments de Strasbourg|origins=la sē}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /sə/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''se''' ''m or f'' (pre-vocalic s')^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|se]], [[inh|la|sē|t=himself, herself, themselves]], the accusative of the third-person reflexive pronoun, in unstressed position.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989) The stressed form of the same Latin word is [[soi]]: “se” developed in unstressed position, “soi” in stressed position after prepositions, as with [[me]] and [[moi]], [[te]] and [[toi]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) Littré compares [[grc|ἕ|tr=hé]] and [[sa|स्व|tr=sva]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ Cognate with [[oc|se]], [[ca|se]], [[es|se]] and [[pt|se]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Strasbourg Oaths (842) have it, enclitic, as an indirect object expressing the interest of the person spoken of.^(TLFi) In the ''Sequence of Saint Eulalia'' (881) it is the object of pronominal verbs, also with a passive sense.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Reciprocal ''se'' (''s'entredonner'' “to give each other”) is found about 1100 in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi) ''Se'' standing for a noun introduced by ''à'' (''ils se sont procuré'') is recorded in Calvin (1541), and ''se'' with impersonal pronominal verbs (''il s'est produit'') in the 16th century.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 842 – ''Se'' in the Strasbourg Oaths.^(TLFi)

+ * 881 – With pronominal verbs, including passive ones, in the ''Sequence of Saint Eulalia''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – Reciprocal ''se'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1541 – ''Se'' for an indirect object, in Calvin.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|himself]], herself, itself, oneself, themselves: third person reflexive object pronoun: ''il se lave''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # Each other, one another: ''ils se regardent''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To himself, herself, themselves (indirect object): ''il s'attribue le mérite''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # Forms pronominal verbs with a passive sense: ''cela se boit frais''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ # Forms impersonal pronominal phrases: ''il s'est produit un changement''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ # Part of verbs that are only pronominal: ''s'évanouir'', ''se souvenir''.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[soi]]

+ * [[la|sē]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Se'' is elided to ''s’'' before a vowel or mute ''h''.^(Petit Robert 2007) In Louisiana French it also serves for the second person plural.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}