sur French · revision 16216

+ {{homograph|1|on}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=881, Sequence of Saint Eulalia|origins=la super, la suprā}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Europe): /syʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Canada): /sʏʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sur'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|soure]] (881), [[m|fro|sobre]], [[m|fro|sore]] (about 980), [[m|fro|sour]], [[m|fro|sor]] (about 1050); ''sur'' is found from 1080 but became usual only from the 15th century.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The preposition is [[inh|fro|sor]], [[inh|la|super|t=above, over; upon]], altered by crossing with [[sus]].^(DHLF 1992)^(FEW|12, 431b)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The oldest forms, “sobre” and “sore”, come from [[m|la|suprā|t=above, beyond]], which accounts for the uses marking domination, the part of the body one rests on, and “above” without contact.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Until the middle of the 17th century the preposition competed with “sus” and [[dessus]], which then became adverbs only.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Latin “super” corresponds to [[grc|ὑπέρ|tr=hupér]] and to the Germanic forms behind [[en|over]] and [[de|über]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[it|sopra]], [[oc|subre]], [[es|sobre]] and [[pt|sobre]]; [[super]] is a learned doublet.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Sequence of Saint Eulalia'' (881) has ''soure'' marking domination: ''Maximiien, Chi rex eret a cels dis soure pagiens'' “Maximian, who was king over the pagans in those days”.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The preposition developed concrete and abstract uses side by side, many of them figurative from early on.^(DHLF 1992) It marked a high or outward position from about 980, and the part of the body one rests on (''sobr els pies'' “on his feet”, late 10th century).^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) About 1050 it meant “more than” (''Sur tuz ses pers l'amat li emperere'' “the emperor loved him above all his peers”), and about 1100 “at the expense of” someone.^(TLFi) From the 14th century it was used of taxes laid on people (1387) and of rents charged on property (1206).^(TLFi)

+

+ Féraud (1768) noted the dropping of the ''r'' before a consonant in conversation (''su la table'').^(TLFi) In familiar French ''sur'' is used for “in” a town or area (''il travaille sur Paris'').^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 881 – ''Soure'' in the ''Sequence of Saint Eulalia''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 980 – ''Sore'' in the Valenciennes fragment.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * c. 1050 – ''Sur'' “more than” in the ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1080 – The form ''sur'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 15th century – ''Sur'' becomes the usual form.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * mid-17th century – ''Sus'' and ''dessus'' become adverbs only.^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|on]], upon: marks a position on top of a surface: ''sur la table''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Over, [[m|en|above]], without contact: ''un pont sur la rivière''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # About, concerning: ''un livre sur Rome''.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Out of: marks a proportion: ''un sur dix''.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Over: marks domination or superiority: ''régner sur un pays''.^(TLFi)

+ # On, after: marks a basis or a time: ''sur sa demande'', ''sur ce''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(familiar)'' In, at (a town or area): ''travailler sur Paris''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[surtout]]

+ * [[suret]]

+ * [[surir]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|sour}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1160|origins=gem-pro *sūraz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Europe): /syʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Canada): /sʏʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sur''' (feminine sure, masculine plural surs, feminine plural sures)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adjective “sur” “sour” is a regional word that spread in the 19th century, [[bor|frk|*sūr|t=sour, acidic]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|17, 288b) The Frankish word goes back to [[gem-pro|*sūraz|t=sour]], and is cognate with [[de|sauer]] and [[en|sour]].^(Wiktionary)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first recorded in 1160, meaning “sour”.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word long remained regional and spread into general use in the 19th century.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007) Its derivatives are ''suret'' “slightly sour” (13th century) and ''surir'' “to turn sour” (1872, recorded in Normandy from the early 19th century).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|sour]], slightly acid: ''des pommes sures''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[suret]]

+ * [[surir]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sus]]

+ * [[dessus]]

+ * [[super]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}