et French · revision 16183

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=842, Serments de Strasbourg|origins=la et}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /e/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''et'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French usually [[m|fro|e]] (10th century); the spelling ''et'' was restored from Latin in the 12th century.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|e]], [[inh|la|et|t=and; also; yet]], a coordinating conjunction used to join words and clauses, to mark opposition or emphasis, and often found at the head of questions and exclamations.^(TLFi)^(FEW|3, 248a)^(DHLF 1992) The Latin word is of Indo-European origin, comparable to [[grc|ἔτι|tr=éti|t=moreover, still]], [[xtg|etic|t=and]] and [[sa|अति|tr=áti|t=beyond]], which seems to have been the original sense of the family.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|e]], [[oc|e]], [[ca|i]], [[es|y]] and [[pt|e]].^(Wiktionary)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Strasbourg Oaths (842) already use it to join parts of a sentence (''pro Deo amur et pro christian poblo'' “for the love of God and for the Christian people”), and before the first of several joined terms; it joins two clauses in the ''Sequence of Saint Eulalia'' (881).^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The French conjunction kept the Latin values.^(DHLF 1992) About 980 it is found at the head of exclamations and questions, for emphasis, and in 1080 it is added to each term of a list to stress the series.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) It meant “as well as” from 1276 to the 17th century.^(DHLF 1992) In numbers it once joined units to ''dix'' (''dix et sept'', now ''dix-sept''); since 1680 it links ''un'' to the tens (''vingt et un'') and ''quart'' and ''demi'' to the hours (''cinq heures et demie'').^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ In mathematics and logic ''et'' stands for intersection and the logical product, and can be used as a noun (''la fonction et'').^(DHLF 1992) ''Et cetera'' “and the other things” is a Medieval Latin legal formula.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 842 – ''Et'' in the Strasbourg Oaths.^(TLFi)

+ * 881 – It joins two clauses in the ''Sequence of Saint Eulalia''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 980 – At the head of an exclamation or question.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 12th century – The Latin spelling ''et'' replaces ''e''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1276 – Used for “as well as” by Adam de la Halle.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1680 – ''Et'' links the units to the tens in numbers like ''vingt et un''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|and]]: joins words, phrases or clauses, marking addition, sequence or consequence.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # And yet: marks an [[m|en|opposition]]: ''je travaille beaucoup et je gagne peu''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(literary)'' Repeated before each term of a list for emphasis: ''et la terre, et le fleuve''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # At the head of a question or exclamation: ''et vous ?''^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # In numbers and times: ''vingt et un'', ''midi et demi''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|et]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The ''t'' is never pronounced, even before a vowel, as Palsgrave already noted in the 16th century.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}