encore French · revision 16118

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=mid-11th century, Vie de saint Alexis|origins=la-vul *hinc ad hōram}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɑ̃.kɔʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''encore'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|uncor]], [[m|fro|uncore]], [[m|fro|oncore]], then [[m|fro|encor]], [[m|fro|encore]], [[m|fro|encores]] from the 12th century;^(DHLF 1992) ''encor'' survives only in poetry.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|uncore]], probably [[inh|la-vul|*hinc ad hōram|t=from here to the hour]] or [[m|la-vul|*hinc hāc hōrā]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) The older forms [[m|fro|uncore]] and [[m|fro|oncore]] are due to the influence of Old French [[m|fro|onque|t=ever]], from [[la|umquam]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Littré derived it from [[m|la|hanc hōram|t=until this hour]], and Wiktionary from Late Latin [[m|la-lat|in hanc hōram]].^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary) The last part is the same word as [[heure]], and as the old adverb [[or]] “now”.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|ancora]], [[ca|encara]], [[oc|encara]] and [[osp|encara]].^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary) Littré lists dialect forms such as [[pcd|core]] and [[nrf|co]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Vie de saint Alexis'' (mid-11th century) it is an adverb of time marking that a state persists at the moment considered; with a verb in the present it means “now, at this hour”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In the ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) it already marks repetition, “also, besides”: ''Sun cumpaignun Gerers ocit uncore''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With a comparative it marks a further degree, from 1165–70 in Chrétien de Troyes' ''Erec''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Before a verb in the subjunctive it expressed a concession from the end of the 12th century, and the conjunction ''encore que'' “although”, first found in Rabelais (1532), was much used in classical French and is now literary.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) As a particle it introduces a restriction from the late 13th century, as in ''encore faut-il…'' and ''et encore !''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) Its use in affirmative clauses for “until now, already” was common in the classical period but has gone, and ''pour encore'' “for now” has died out; it now marks something expected but not yet done only in negative turns such as ''pas encore''.^(DHLF 1992) Vaugelas banned the spelling ''encor'' from prose in 1647.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ English took [[m|en|encore]] in 1712 as a call for a performer to repeat a piece; the OED notes that French uses [[bis]] for this.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * mid-11th century – ''Uncor'' appears in the ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * c. 1100 – The ''Chanson de Roland'' uses it for repetition.^(TLFi)

+ * 12th century – The forms ''encor'' and ''encore'' appear.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1165–70 – Used before a comparative in Chrétien de Troyes.^(TLFi)

+ * 1532 – ''Encore que'' “although” appears in Rabelais.^(TLFi)

+ * 1647 – Vaugelas bans the spelling ''encor'' from prose.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1712 – English uses ''encore'' as a call for a repeat.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|still|alt=Still]], marking that an action or state continues: ''il dort encore''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''Pas encore'': not [[m|en|yet]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # [[m|en|again|alt=Again]]; more, in addition: ''vous vous êtes encore trompé'', ''encore un peu''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # With a comparative: [[m|en|even]], still: ''encore plus difficile''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # Introducing a restriction: ''encore faut-il avoir le temps'';^(Le Robert) ''et encore !'' “and that's saying a lot”.^(Le Robert)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # Expressing impatience: ''quoi encore ?'', ''encore toi !''^(Larousse)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # ''Encore que'' ''(literary)'': [[m|en|although]].^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[heure]]

+ * [[or]]

+ * [[la|hora]]

+ * [[en|encore]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}