barricade French · revision 16112

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=1570, Monluc|origins=oc barrica}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ba.ʁi.kad/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''barricade''' ''f'' (plural barricades)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is derived from [[barrique]] “cask”, because the first barricades were often made of casks;^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary) Rey sees the suffix [[-ade]] as formed on the model of Italian loanwords of the same period such as [[gabionnade]],^(DHLF 1992) while Bloch and Wartburg and the Grand Robert take it through the 16th-century verb [[m|frm|barriquer|t=to barricade]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) The Grand Robert also mentions an influence of [[barrer]] “to bar” or of Provençal [[m|oc|barricado]].^(Grand Robert 2005) ''Barrique'' (1455) was borrowed from southern [[bor|oc|barrica]], formed on the stem of [[baril]];^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Robert Estienne recorded it as Gascon in 1549.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The Italian word [[m|it|barricata]] was borrowed from the French word.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first recorded in 1570, in Monluc's ''Commentaires''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) Rey thinks it first meant a row of casks used as an obstacle, and then, from about 1571, any obstacle made by heaping up objects.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Agrippa d'Aubigné in the 16th century describes the barricades of street fighting, sometimes with a ditch dug before and behind.^(Littré 1873) Since the word stopped being felt as a derivative of ''barrique'', it has been associated with ''barrer''.^(DHLF 1992) By metonymy the plural ''barricades'' stands for an uprising, first with allusion to the Fronde of August 1648; hence the names of historical events such as ''la journée des barricades'' (1835) and ''les barricades de juillet'' for July 1830 (1842).^(DHLF 1992) Figuratively, ''être de l'autre côté de la barricade'' is to be in the opposing camp, a phrase Péguy attributed to Clemenceau.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ The verb ''barricader'' (1588) first meant to close with barricades, then to close firmly (1596), and ''se barricader'' to shut oneself in (1611).^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) English formed the verb ''barricade'' from the noun in the 1590s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1455 – ''Barrique'' “cask” is recorded.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1570 – ''Barricade'' appears in Monluc's ''Commentaires''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1588 – Étienne Pasquier uses the verb ''barricader''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1648 – The barricades of the Fronde give the plural the sense “uprising”.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1835 – ''La journée des barricades'' is recorded as the name of an event.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1842 – ''Les barricades de juillet'' is used of the July Revolution.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|barricade]], an obstacle of heaped objects built across a street to block it and give cover in street fighting: ''dresser des barricades''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''(plural)'' An uprising, civil war or [[m|en|revolution]]: ''les barricades de mai 68''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Être de l'autre côté de la barricade'': to be in the opposing camp.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(Switzerland)'' ''Monter aux barricades'': to step into the breach, to protest.^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[barricader]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[barrique]]

+ * [[barrer]]

+ * [[barre]]

+ * [[oc|barrica]]

+ * [[en|barricade]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}