étude French · revision 16081

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=first half of the 12th century, Oxford Psalter|origins=la studeō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /e.tyd/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''étude''' ''f'' (plural études)^(Wiktionary)

+ [[fro|estudie]] (about 1120), ''estuide'' (about 1150, by metathesis), ''estude'' (late 12th century); masculine or feminine until the 16th–17th centuries, ''étude'' from 1636.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is borrowed from [[la|studium|t=zeal, eagerness; study]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|12, 312a) the form “estudie” coming from the plural “studia” taken as a feminine singular;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) “estuide”, then “estude”, followed by metathesis.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) “Studium” is from [[la|studeō|t=to be eager for, apply oneself]] (see [[studieux]]), which Rey links with words for a movement or blow such as “stupere” (see [[stupeur]]).^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ The learned [[studio]], through Italian, is of the same origin.^(DHLF 1992) [[en|etude]] (1837) is from French, popularised by Chopin's études.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Oxford Psalter'' (first half of the 12th century) has ''estudie'' “application, care, zeal”;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) in 1174 Guernes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence uses it for intellectual effort to learn.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the start it kept the Latin sense “care, zeal” (Marot's ''mit son estudie à reparer son païs''), now only classical and literary.^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)^(GLLF 1989) The plural ''les études'' was the course of instruction from 1532.^(DHLF 1992) In 1216 an ''estude'' was a study, a room for work (compare ''studio''), whence in the 17th century a notary's or solicitor's office (1660) and practice (1690).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Montaigne (1580) used it for an examination of something, and Poussin (1645) for a drawing made as an exercise.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) It named a written study (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's ''Études de la nature'', 1784), a preliminary survey (1802, ''mettre à l'étude''), and in music a piece for practice (Chopin, 1833).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The school ''étude'' is the room where pupils work outside class (Balzac, 1832) and the time spent there (1865).^(DHLF 1992) The verb ''étudier'' dates from 1155.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1120 – ''Estudie'' “zeal”, in the ''Oxford Psalter''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1155 – ''Estudier''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1174 – “Study, learning”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1216 – A room for study.^(TLFi)

+ * 1532 – ''Les études''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1580 – “Examination”, in Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1645 – An artist's study, in Poussin.^(TLFi)

+ * 1660 – A notary's office.^(TLFi)

+ * 1833 – A musical étude, in Chopin.^(TLFi)

+ * 1837 – English ''etude''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|study|alt=Study]], learning: ''l'étude des langues'', ''aimer l'étude''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''(plural)'' Studies, education: ''faire des études de droit''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A study, examination; a survey: ''étude de marché'', ''à l'étude'': under consideration.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A written study, monograph.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(art)'' A study, ''(music)'' an étude.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(school)'' Study period; study hall: ''salle d'étude''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(law)'' A notary's or solicitor's office, practice.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[étudier]]

+ * [[étudiant]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[studieux]]

+ * [[studio]]

+ * [[la|studium]]

+ * [[en|etude]]

+ * [[en|study]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}