développer French · revision 16069

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1170, Guillaume d'Angleterre|origins=la volvō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /de.vlɔ.pe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''développer'''^(Wiktionary)

+ [[fro|desvoleper]] (about 1170), ''desveloper'' (13th century); ''desvelopper'' in the Académie (1694–1718), ''développer'' from 1740.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from the prefix [[dé-]] and Old French [[m|fro|voloper|t=to wrap]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|3, 399a) as the opposite of [[envelopper]];^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) “voloper” is probably from [[la-med|faluppa|t=chaff]], influenced by [[la|volvō|t=to roll]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) Wiktionary instead takes it from a Germanic “*wrappan-”, akin to [[en|wrap]].^(Wiktionary) Compare [[it|sviluppare]] and [[pro|desvolopar]].^(Littré 1873)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ ''Guillaume d'Angleterre'' (about 1170) has ''desvoleper'', to take something or someone out of what wraps it;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) at the end of the 12th century ''desvoleper'' is to unfurl what was rolled up, as banners ''au vent desvolospé''.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Montaigne (1580) uses it figuratively for unravelling a difficult author or affair (''Amyot a developpé si heureusement Plutarque''), and ''se desvelopper'' for freeing oneself from a difficulty.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873) Geometry has ''développante'' and ''développée'' (Huygens, 1675), algebra ''développer en série'' (d'Alembert, 1754), and cyclists say a bicycle ''développe'' so many metres (1892).^(TLFi)^(BHVF)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ In the time sense, Pascal has ''se développer'' “to grow, expand” (before 1662), and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1787) the transitive “to bring to full growth”; to set out in detail is recorded once in the 14th century and again from 1671.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In photography one ''développe'' a film (1865–1884).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Développement'' (late 14th century) took, under English influence, the sense of the development of a product or region (about 1960), and gave ''sous-développé'' (1951) and ''pays en voie de développement''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1170 – ''Desvoleper'' in ''Guillaume d'Angleterre''.^(TLFi)

+ * Late 14th century – ''Desvelopemens''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1580 – Figurative use in Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * Before 1662 – ''Se développer'' in Pascal.^(TLFi)

+ * 1675 – ''Développante'', ''développée'' in Huygens.^(TLFi)

+ * 1754 – ''Développer en série'' in d'Alembert.^(BHVF)

+ * 1787 – “To bring to full growth”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1865 – Photographic developing.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1892 – Of a bicycle.^(TLFi)

+ * 1951 – ''Sous-développé''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|develop]], expand, build up: ''développer une entreprise'', ''développer ses muscles''.^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # To develop, set out in detail: ''développer une idée''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(photography)'' To develop (a film).^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(mathematics)'' To expand (an expression); ''(geometry)'' to develop (a surface).^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # Of a bicycle, to cover (so many metres per turn of the pedals).^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(computing)'' To develop, code (software).^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To develop, grow: ''l'enfant se développe''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(rare)'' To unwrap, unfold.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[développement]]

+ * [[développeur]]

+ * [[sous-développé]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[envelopper]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}