tirer French · revision 16066

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ti.ʁe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tirer'''^(Wiktionary)

+ [[pro|tirar]] is recorded a little earlier (about 1050).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Its origin is one of the most obscure in Romance etymology; it exists in all the Romance languages except Romanian and Dalmatian ([[it|tirare]], [[es|tirar]], [[pt|tirar]]) and must be old there.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(FEW|6/1, 397b) Wartburg, followed by Bloch and Wartburg and the FEW, explained it as a reduction of Old French [[m|fro|martirier|t=to torture]], since the dislocation of limbs was a common torture: the present participle “martirant” was misread as “mar” “unhappily” + “tirant”, from “tiranz” “executioner” (Latin “tyrannus”), and a simple “tirer” was detached.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) Corominas objected on phonetic and chronological grounds and proposed a verb made directly from a Romance form of [[la|tyrannus]];^(DHLF 1992) the GLLF and the Grand Robert find Wartburg's idea unlikely.^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) Diez, followed by Littré, compared [[got|𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽|tr=tairan|t=to tear]];^(Littré 1873)^(DHLF 1992) a Germanic or Dutch source is still discussed, and Old French “tire” “row” may have played a part.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) Wiktionary simply gives Vulgar Latin “*tīrāre”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) has ''Tiret sa barbe cum hum ki est iret'', he tugs his beard like an angry man, and uses ''tirer'' for drawing something out with great effort.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Tirer'' gradually took the place of ''traire'' “to draw, pull”, which survived as “to milk”; conversely in Quebec ''tirer les vaches'' still means “to milk the cows”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) About 1150 it meant to pull towards oneself (''tirer la barbe''), about 1160 to pull the reins, and, from 1365 to extract metals, from 1459 to draw wine from a cask and to draw a sword on someone.^(TLFi) It also meant to get money out of someone (Commynes), to draw lots (Amyot, 1559) and to draw a conclusion (Monet, 1636).^(TLFi)

+

+ From the 16th century it was also to shoot a missile or a firearm, now one of its main senses (''tirer à l'arc'', ''tirer sur qqn''), and in printing and photography to print (''tirer un livre'', ''tirer une photo'').^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(BHVF) ''Se tirer d'affaire'' goes back to Commynes, ''s'en tirer'' to Corneille (1642), and slang ''se tirer'' “to clear off” is modern.^(TLFi)^(Le Robert) Derivatives include ''tir'', ''tirage'' (1479), ''tiroir'' (1530), ''tirailleur'' (1578) and ''tire-bouchon'' (1688).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1050 – Old Occitan ''tirar''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Tiret sa barbe'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1150 – “To pull towards oneself”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1365 – To extract (metals), in Oresme.^(TLFi)

+ * 1459 – ''Tirer l'épée sur qqn''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1479 – ''Tirage''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1559 – ''Tirer au sort'' in Amyot.^(TLFi)

+ * 1636 – ''Tirer une conséquence''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1642 – ''S'en tirer'' in Corneille.^(TLFi)

+ * 1688 – ''Tire-bouchon''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|pull]], draw, drag: ''tirer une corde'', ''tirer les rideaux'', ''tirer qqn par la manche''.^(Wiktionary)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ # To take out, draw out: ''tirer un mouchoir de sa poche'', ''tirer de l'eau'', ''tirer qqn d'affaire''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To derive, get: ''tirer profit de'', ''tirer une conclusion'', ''tirer son nom de''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # To [[m|en|shoot]], fire: ''tirer sur qqn'', ''tirer un coup de feu''.^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # To draw (lots, cards): ''tirer au sort'', ''tirer les cartes''.^(TLFi)

+ # ''(printing, photography)'' To print: ''tirer un livre à mille exemplaires''.^(GLLF 1989)^(BHVF)

+ # To draw (a line): ''tirer un trait''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To pull; of a chimney, to draw, ''tirer sur'': to verge on (a colour).^(Larousse)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(reflexive, familiar)'' ''Se tirer'': to clear off, ''s'en tirer'': to get by, pull through.^(Le Robert)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[retirer]]

+ * [[tirage]]

+ * [[tire-bouchon]]

+ * [[tire-fond]]

+ * [[tireur]]

+ * [[tiroir]]

+ * [[tir]]

+ * [[tirant]]

+ * [[tiret]]

+ * [[tirette]]

+ * [[attirer]]

+ * [[détirer]]

+ * [[étirer]]

+ * [[tirade]]

+ * [[tirailler]]

+ * [[tirailleur]]

+ * [[soutirer]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[traire]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}