chandelle French · revision 16060

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1119, Philippe de Thaon|origins=la candēla}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʃɑ̃.dɛl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''chandelle''' ''f'' (plural chandelles)^(Wiktionary)

+ [[fro|chandeile]] (1119), [[fro|chandoile]] (Chrétien de Troyes), ''chandele'' (before 1220), then ''chandelle''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|chandeile]], [[inh|la|candēla|t=candle]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|2, 177b) from [[la|candeō|alt=candēre|t=to shine, glow]] (compare [[candeur]], [[candide]], [[incendie]]).^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) In the 13th century the endings “-eile”, “-oile” were replaced by the commoner suffix “-elle”.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Compare [[it|candela]], [[es|candela]] and [[pro|candela]], and Picard “candeille”, “candelle”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873) Wiktionary calls it a doublet of [[candela]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Philippe de Thaon's ''Comput'' (1119) has ''chandeile'', a candle;^(TLFi) the Anglo-Norman dictionary dates the word to 1113–1119.^(AND)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The tallow candle went out of use, above all after the spread of the [[bougie]], but many phrases recall its old importance: ''se brûler à la chandelle'' “to be lured by a charm” (15th century, Coquillart), ''brûler la chandelle par les deux bouts'' “to squander one's means” (1571), ''le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle'' “it isn't worth it” (before 1592, Montaigne), ''devoir une chandelle à qqn'' (1648, Scarron), now ''devoir une fière chandelle'', and ''tenir la chandelle'' “to play gooseberry” (1835).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ From its shape it named a dribble of mucus from the nose (1578) and, from 1900, a ball hit straight up in the air (''en chandelle''), later a vertical climb in aerobatics.^(DHLF 1992)^(BHVF)^(Larousse) In North America it is used for any candle.^(Wiktionary) The derivative ''chandelier'' (1160) was first a candlestick, and, from Musset's ''Le Chandelier'' (1840) also the complaisant third party who shields a love affair.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1119 – ''Chandeile'' in Philippe de Thaon.^(TLFi)

+ * 1160 – ''Chandelier''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * Before 1220 – ''Chandele'', in Gautier de Coinci.^(TLFi)

+ * 15th century – ''Se brûler à la chandelle''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1571 – ''Brûler la chandelle par les deux bouts''.^(TLFi)

+ * Before 1592 – ''Le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle'' in Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1648 – ''Devoir une chandelle'' in Scarron.^(TLFi)

+ * 1835 – ''Tenir la chandelle''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1900 – In tennis, a lob.^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A (tallow) [[m|en|candle]]: ''s'éclairer à la chandelle'', ''dîner aux chandelles'': candlelit dinner.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(North America)'' Any candle.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Phrases: ''devoir une fière chandelle à qqn'': to owe someone a great deal, ''brûler la chandelle par les deux bouts'': to burn the candle at both ends, ''tenir la chandelle'': to play gooseberry, ''voir trente-six chandelles'': to see stars.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(sport)'' A ball hit high in the air; a lob, an up-and-under.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(aviation)'' A steep vertical climb.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(familiar)'' A trickle of snot.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(technology)'' A prop, an axle stand.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[chandelier]]

+ * [[chandelier]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[chandeleur]]

+ * [[candélabre]]

+ * [[candela]]

+ * [[la|candēla]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}