gagner French · revision 16037

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1130, Eneas|origins=frk *waidanjan}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɡa.ɲe/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /ɡɑ.ɲe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gagner'''^(Wiktionary)

+ [[fro|guaaignier]] (about 1130), [[fro|gaaignier]] (about 1135), ''gaigner'' (13th century), ''gagner'' (16th century).^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|gaaignier]], from [[frk|*waidanjan|t=to get food, to take booty]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) probably at first “to graze cattle”, a sense kept by [[de|Weide|t=pasture]]; [[goh|weida]] meant both “search for food by hunting or fishing” and “pasture”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007) Wiktionary gives Vulgar Latin “*wadaniāre”, from Frankish “*waiþanōn”.^(Wiktionary) Among farmers and herdsmen the meaning moved to “to work the land” and then “to make a profit from work”, and the word displaced Latin “lucrari”.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ Other invaders brought it to the south: [[it|guadagnare]], [[pro|guazanhar]], [[ca|guanyar]], [[pt|ganhar]], [[es|guadañar|t=to mow]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(REW 1935)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ ''Eneas'' (about 1130) has ''guaaignier'' “to cultivate, plough”;^(GLLF 1989) the ''Couronnement de Louis'' (about 1135) has it for making a profit by work, conquering by force and winning a battle.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The rural senses “to graze” (in hunting) and “to cultivate” (1155) have gone from standard French but survive in the south-east and Franco-Provençal, as do ''gagnage'' and ''regain''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992) The verb soon meant gaining by gambling or luck (early 13th century), winning a game (about 1223) and a lawsuit (1283), and winning someone over (Jean de Meun, ''gaaignier un ami'', 1269–1278); in the classical period it meant winning a woman's hand (1636).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ From “to obtain” it passed to “to reach”: ''gaigner pays'' “to make headway” (about 1525), ''gaigner le hault'' “to run away” (1548), ''gagner du terrain'' (1646), ''gagner qqn de vitesse'' (1762), and of sleep or hunger, to come over someone (1587).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Bèze noted in the 16th century that the purer speakers said ''gagner'', not ''gaigner''.^(Littré 1873) Derivatives include ''gain'' (12th century), ''gagne-pain'' (13th century, a gauntlet; modern sense 1566) and ''gagne-petit'' (1597).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1130 – ''Guaaignier'' “to cultivate”.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * c. 1135 – To profit, conquer, win a battle.^(TLFi)

+ * 12th century – ''Gain''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * c. 1223 – ''Gaaignier le giu''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1269–1278 – ''Gaaignier un ami''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1283 – To win a lawsuit.^(TLFi)

+ * 1548 – ''Gaigner le hault''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1566 – ''Gagne-pain'' in its modern sense.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1646 – ''Gagner du terrain''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|earn]]: ''gagner de l'argent'', ''gagner sa vie''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|win]]: ''gagner une bataille, un procès, au loto'', ''(intransitive)'' to win.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # To gain, obtain: ''gagner du temps'', ''gagner du terrain'', ''gagner la confiance de qqn''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To win over: ''gagner qqn à sa cause''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # To reach: ''gagner la sortie, la côte''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To spread to, overcome: ''le feu gagne le toit'', ''le sommeil le gagnait''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[gagnable]]

+ * [[regagner]]

+ * [[gagnage]]

+ * [[gain]]

+ * [[gagne-pain]]

+ * [[gagne-petit]]

+ * [[gain]]

+ * [[gagnant]]

+ * [[gagneur]]

+ * [[regagner]]

+ * [[gagne-pain]]

+ * [[gagne-petit]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[regain]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}