modèle French · revision 16005

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1542, modelle|origins=it modello}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /mɔ.dɛl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''modèle''' ''m'' (plural modèles)^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Modelle'' (1542), often feminine in the 16th century (Ronsard: ''il rompit la modelle''); ''modelle'' in the Académie of 1694–1740, ''modèle'' from 1762.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a term of the arts, [[bor|it|modello|t=a figure to be copied]] (recorded in Michelangelo),^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|6/3, 18a) from [[la-vul|*modellus]], an alteration with a change of suffix of [[la|modulus|t=small measure, standard]] (see [[moule]], [[module]]), a diminutive of [[la|modus|t=measure]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A 1542 account of the king's buildings has ''modelle'' for a figure to be reproduced;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Bloch–Wartburg and the GLLF date it to Robert Estienne (1549), in the sense “mould”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Palissy (1563) used it for a small-scale representation of a building to be built larger, whence ''modèle réduit''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Abstractly, it was a thing (1576) or a person (before 1680, La Rochefoucauld) having the qualities of its kind to the highest degree, whence ''le modèle du genre'' and the use in apposition, “perfect of its kind” (''la capitale-modèle'', 1832, Balzac, 1837).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The classical age stressed what must be imitated: a person of exemplary virtue (Voiture, before 1648, Pascal, 1656), ''servir de modèle'' (Racine, 1689), ''sur le modèle de'' (Bossuet, 1690) and later ''prendre modèle sur'' (1847).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ In the arts a ''modèle'' was also a person who poses for a painter (Félibien, 1676), and for a writer a real person behind a character (Beaumarchais, 1785); in fashion it was largely displaced by ''mannequin''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Industrial production gave the sense “type, design” (1841), and the sciences the sense “system representing the essential structures of a reality” (1953), after English ''model'' (Bohr, 1913).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Modeler'' dates from 1583–1585, ''modelage'' from 1830 and ''modéliste'' from 1832.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992) English ''model'' was borrowed from French ''modelle'' in the 1570s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1542 – ''Modelle'' in the arts.^(TLFi)

+ * 1563 – A scale model, in Palissy.^(TLFi)

+ * 1570s – English ''model''.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1583 – ''Modeler''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * Before 1648 – An example to imitate, in Voiture.^(TLFi)

+ * 1676 – An artist's model, in Félibien.^(TLFi)

+ * 1762 – The spelling ''modèle'' in the Académie.^(TLFi)

+ * 1837 – In apposition, in Balzac.^(TLFi)

+ * 1841 – A type of manufacture.^(TLFi)

+ * 1953 – A scientific model.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|model]], pattern, example to follow: ''suivre un modèle'', ''prendre modèle sur qqn''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A perfect example: ''un modèle de vertu'', ''le modèle du genre''.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+ # An artist's model, a sitter.^(Littré 1873)^(TLFi)

+ # A model, type, design (of a product): ''le dernier modèle'', ''un modèle de robe''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Modèle réduit'': a scale model.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(science)'' A model: ''modèle mathématique''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Model, exemplary: ''un élève modèle''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[modelage]]

+ * [[modeler]]

+ * [[modélisation]]

+ * [[modéliser]]

+ * [[modélisme]]

+ * [[modéliste]]

+ * [[modeleur]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mannequin]]

+ * [[moule]]

+ * [[module]]

+ * [[mode]]

+ * [[la|modulus]]

+ * [[en|model]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}