particulier French · revision 15999

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1265, Brunetto Latini|origins=la pars}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /paʁ.ti.ky.lje/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''particulier''' (feminine particulière, masculine plural particuliers, feminine plural particulières)^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Particuler'' (1265), ''particulier''; feminine ''particulere'', ''particulière'' (Académie from 1740).^(Grand Robert 2005)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is borrowed from [[la-lat|particulāris|t=of a part, partial]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|7, 677b) a word rare before Late Latin and opposed to “universalis” (see [[universel]]), from [[la|particula|t=small part]] (see [[particule]]), diminutive of [[m|la|pars|t=part]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ Compare [[pro|particular]], [[es|particular]] and [[it|particolare]].^(Littré 1873) The Anglo-Norman “particuler” corresponds to [[en|particular]].^(AND)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Brunetto Latini's ''Trésor'' (about 1265) has ''sciences particuleres'';^(TLFi) Jean de Meun (1269–1278) has ''les particulieres choses'' and ''li san particulier'', the five senses, as opposed to the common sense that combines their data.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the start it meant what is limited to a part or a detail, and the noun ''le particulier'' “the detail” (before 1473, Pascal, 1652) was more used in classical French than today, except in ''en particulier''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) At the end of the 13th century it described what concerns one individual (''intérêts particuliers'', Montaigne, 1570, ''profit particulier'', 1580), before ''individuel'' existed, whence ''en particulier'' “in private” (1538) and ''hôtel particulier'', ''leçons particulières''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ About 1265 it also meant what distinguishes a thing from others, and in 1549 “odd, peculiar”, Molière (1666) uses it for “exceptional”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The sense “selfish” (Eustache Deschamps) has gone.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) As a noun ''un particulier'' is a private person (late 15th century), in classical French often pejorative “a fellow” (1690), and ''une particulière'' was a prostitute (1649).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1265 – ''Sciences particuleres'' in Brunetto Latini.^(TLFi)

+ * 1269–1278 – In Jean de Meun.^(TLFi)

+ * 1314 – ''Particulerement''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1360 – ''En particulier'' “expressly”.^(TLFi)

+ * Late 15th century – ''Un particulier'' “a private person”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1538 – ''En particulier'' “in private”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1549 – “Odd, peculiar”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1689 – ''Particularisme''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|particular|alt=Particular]], specific (to): ''un trait particulier'', ''particulier à''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Private, individual: ''hôtel particulier'', ''leçons particulières'', ''secrétaire particulier''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # Special, unusual: ''une attention particulière'', ''rien de particulier''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # Peculiar, odd: ''des mœurs particulières''.^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''En particulier'': in particular, especially; in private.^(Larousse)^(TLFi)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A private individual: ''vendre de particulier à particulier'', ''(familiar)'' a fellow, character.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The particular, as opposed to the general.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[particulariser]]

+ * [[particularisme]]

+ * [[particulièrement]]

+ * [[particularité]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[particule]]

+ * [[part]]

+ * [[partie]]

+ * [[la|particulāris]]

+ * [[en|particular]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}