porter French · revision 15986

+ French has the verb ''porter'' “to carry, bear, wear”, from Latin ''portare'', and a noun ''porter'', a dark beer, borrowed from English.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)

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+ {{homograph|1|to carry}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion of Clermont|origins=la portō}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /pɔʁ.te/^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''porter'''^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ “To carry” is [[inh|fro|porter]], [[inh|la|portō|t=to carry, convey; to bring into port]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|9, 202b) related to [[la|porta|t=gate]] and [[la|portus|t=harbour]] (see [[porte]] and [[port]]).^(DHLF 1992) Rey explains that “portare”, at first implying movement, became a synonym of “ferre” and “gerere”, which it gradually replaced as more concrete and more regular; in Church Latin it also meant “to endure” and “to bear within”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The Petit Robert links it to an Indo-European root “*per-” “to cross”.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

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+ Cognate with [[it|portare]], [[pro|portar]], [[ca|portar]], [[es|portar]] and [[ro|purta]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(REW 1935)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Passion'' of Clermont (late 10th century) has ''si portet lui'', of a mother carrying her child: to be pregnant with;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) the same text uses it for bringing precious ointments.^(TLFi)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ By about 1050 (''Saint Alexis'') it meant to hold up something heavy and to have on one's body (''helme e brunie a porter''); the ''Chanson de Roland'' has ''porter corone'' “to be king”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) It also meant “to produce” (fruit, Wace, about 1145), “to endure” (about 1140) and “to contain” of a writing (1219).^(TLFi) Many phrases followed: ''porter témoignage'' (1174–1177), ''porter le nom'' (1174–1176), ''porter le deuil'' (about 1500), ''porter dans son cœur'' (1505), ''porter un coup'' (1540), ''porter atteinte'' (1604), ''porter un jugement'' (Bossuet, 1666) and ''porter la santé'' “to drink to” (Molière, 1665).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

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+ The reflexive ''se porter bien, mal'' expresses health (''se porter comme le Pont-Neuf'', 1766), and intransitive ''porter'' means to reach, carry (''sa voix porte'') and ''porter sur'' “to concern”.^(BHVF)^(Wiktionary)^(Larousse) In southern regional French ''porter'' is used where standard French has ''apporter''.^(DHLF 1992)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 10th century – “To be pregnant with”, in the Clermont ''Passion''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1050 – “To hold up; to wear”, in ''Saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Porter corone'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1145 – “To bear (fruit)”, in Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * 1505 – ''Porter dans son cœur''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1585 – ''Porter les cornes''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1604 – ''Porter atteinte''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1665 – ''Je te la porte'' (a toast), in Molière.^(TLFi)

+ * 1812 – ''Portez les armes !''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|carry]], bear: ''porter une valise'', ''porter un enfant dans ses bras''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|wear]]: ''porter des lunettes'', ''porter la barbe''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # To take, bring (somewhere): ''porter une lettre à la poste''.^(TLFi)^(Larousse)

+ # To bear (a name, a title, a mark): ''porter le nom de son père''.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To bear, produce: ''porter ses fruits''; to be pregnant with.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With nouns: ''porter plainte'', ''porter secours'', ''porter un jugement'', ''porter atteinte à''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To carry, reach: ''une voix qui porte'', ''porter sur'': to concern, be about.^(Wiktionary)^(Larousse)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' ''Se porter'': to be (in health): ''se porter bien'', ''se porter candidat''.^(Wiktionary)^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[portable]]

+ * [[portatif]]

+ * [[portée]]

+ * [[porteur]]

+ * [[emporter]]

+ * [[reporter]]

+ * [[porte-bonheur]]

+ * [[porte-parole]]

+ * [[portefeuille]]

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+ {{homograph|2|porter (beer)}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1726|origins=en porter}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /pɔʁ.tɛʁ/^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''porter''' ''m'' (plural porters)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ The beer is [[bor|en|porter]], short for ''porter's ale“, probably because this strong beer was drunk by porters;^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(FEW|18, 97a) English ”porter“ “carrier” is itself from Old French ”porteor“, a derivative of ”porter'' “to carry”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(AND)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first recorded in 1726, in a translation from English.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It has always named a dark, rather bitter English beer, Nerval mentions ''du madère, du porter et de l'ale''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1726 – ''Porter'' in a translation from English.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

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+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|porter|alt=Porter]], a dark English beer.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[port]]

+ * [[portable]]

+ * [[portage]]

+ * [[portant]]

+ * [[portatif]]

+ * [[portée]]

+ * [[portière]]

+ * [[emporter]]

+ * [[reporter]]

+ * [[porte-bonheur]]

+ * [[porte-cigares]]

+ * [[porte-cigarettes]]

+ * [[porte-clefs]]

+ * [[porte-crayon]]

+ * [[porte-croix]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[apporter]]

+ * [[colporter]]

+ * [[comporter]]

+ * [[déporter]]

+ * [[radioreporter]]

+ * [[rapporter]]

+ * [[réimporter]]

+ * [[remporter]]

+ * [[supporter]]

+ * [[téléporter]]

+ * [[porte]]

+ * [[la|portō]]

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}