surveiller French · revision 15974

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1586, Vigenère}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /syʁ.vɛ.je/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /syʁ.ve.je/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''surveiller'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[veiller|t=to keep watch]] with the prefix [[sur-]],^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|14, 437a) the verb being [[inh|la|vigilō|t=to be awake, watch]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) The Anglo-Norman “surveiller” “to keep vigil over” (1260–1270) is an earlier, separate use;^(AND) Wiktionary compares [[en|surveil]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Blaise de Vigenère's ''Traité des chiffres'' (1586) has the reflexive: ''toutes choses commençassent à se surveiller de plus pres'', to watch one another closely.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The classical construction was ''surveiller à'' (Richelet, 1680, Littré's ''un général doit surveiller à tout''), marked as dated by the Académie in 1878.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)^(Petit Robert 2007) The transitive use is recorded by the Académie in 1762 and spread in the 19th century, for watching a person's conduct and supervising work, pupils and children.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989) Hugo (1837) and later writers use it of watching over oneself (''surveiller son langage''), and in sport it is to mark an opponent (1922).^(GLLF 1989) ''Surveillant'' dates from 1535 and ''surveillance'' from 1633.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1535 – ''Surveillant''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1586 – ''Se surveiller'' in Vigenère.^(TLFi)

+ * 1633 – ''Surveillance''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1680 – ''Surveiller à'' in Richelet.^(TLFi)

+ * 1762 – The transitive verb, in the Académie.^(TLFi)

+ * 1922 – A sports term.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|watch]], keep an eye on: ''surveiller les enfants'', ''surveiller un suspect''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To supervise, oversee: ''surveiller des travaux'', ''surveiller un examen''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

+ # To [[m|en|monitor]]: ''surveiller sa santé'', ''surveiller la cuisson''.^(Wiktionary)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To watch oneself; to watch one another.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[surveillance]]

+ * [[surveillant]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[veiller]]

+ * [[veille]]

+ * [[vigilant]]

+ * [[la|vigilō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}