groupe French · revision 15972

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1668, Roger de Piles|origins=gem-pro *kruppaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɡʁup/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''groupe''' ''m'' (plural groupes)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|it|gruppo|t=knot; group of figures]] (also “groppo”),^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|16, 421a) attested in Leonardo da Vinci for a group of figures in a work of art, whose first sense must have been “knot”, compare [[pro|grop|t=knot]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) It comes, probably through Gothic, from Germanic “*kruppa” “rounded mass”, the source of [[croupe]];^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Etymonline gives [[gem-pro|*kruppaz|t=round mass, lump]].^(Etymonline) The musical sense was borrowed again from Italian “gruppo” (see “gruppetto”).^(TLFi)

+

+ [[en|group]] (1690s), [[de|Gruppe]] and [[ro|grup]] come from French.^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Roger de Piles, translating Du Fresnoy's ''De arte graphica'' (1668), uses it for several figures forming a whole in a painting or sculpture.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Molière (1669) and Félibien (1676) use it of sculpted groups.^(GLLF 1989) In 1726 it was a set of beings or things sharing characteristics used to classify them, whence the musical (1732) and later the biological senses (''groupe sanguin'', 1930).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) From 1755 it meant any set of persons or things together in one place, a group of columns (d'Aviler) or of islands (La Pérouse, 1797).^(TLFi)

+

+ In 1790 Marat speaks of a ''groupe de conjurés'', people linked by opinions or activity, and the word became central in sociology, politics (''groupe parlementaire'') and economics, where a ''groupe'' is a set of linked companies (1908).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Hadamard (1898) used it in mathematics, for a notion explored by Galois.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Grouper'' dates from 1680, ''groupement'' from 1801, and ''groupuscule'' from 1932–1936, spreading in 1968.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1668 – A group of figures, in Roger de Piles.^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1680 – ''Grouper''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1690s – English ''group''.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1726 – A class of things.^(TLFi)

+ * 1755 – A set of persons or things together.^(TLFi)

+ * 1790 – ''Groupe de conjurés'' in Marat.^(TLFi)

+ * 1898 – A mathematical group, in Hadamard.^(TLFi)

+ * 1908 – A group of companies.^(TLFi)

+ * 1936 – ''Groupuscule''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|group]] (of people or things): ''un groupe de touristes'', ''par petits groupes''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A group with shared features or aims: ''groupe social'', ''groupe parlementaire'', ''groupe de pression''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # A group of companies: ''un grand groupe industriel''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(art)'' A group of figures; a sculpted group.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(biology)'' ''Groupe sanguin'': blood group.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(mathematics)'' A group: ''théorie des groupes''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Groupe électrogène'': generator set.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[grouper]]

+ * [[groupement]]

+ * [[regrouper]]

+ * [[groupage]]

+ * [[groupuscule]]

+ * [[dégrouper]]

+ * [[sous-groupe]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[croupe]]

+ * [[en|group]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}