système French · revision 15970

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1552, Pontus de Tyard|origins=grc ἵστημι}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /sis.tɛm/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''système''' ''m'' (plural systèmes)^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Sisteme'', ''sistême'' (until the early 18th century); the Académie wrote ''systeme'' (1694, 1718), ''système'' from 1740.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is borrowed from [[grc|σύστημα|tr=sústēma|t=organised whole; constitution; philosophical system]],^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|12, 503b) through [[la-lat|systēma|t=assemblage]], in Late Latin chiefly a term of music;^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) the Greek is formed on [[m|grc|συνίστημι|tr=sunístēmi|t=to place together, unite]], from “sun” “with” and [[m|grc|ἵστημι|tr=hístēmi|t=to make stand]], from the Indo-European root “*stā-” of [[la|stō|t=to stand]].^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Pontus de Tyard's ''Solitaire second'' (1552) says ''Je suis prest de vous monstrer la composition de ce Systeme'', a whole whose parts are coordinated by a law.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In music it named an interval or series of intervals (1578, Vigenère).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Descartes (1633) used it of Galileo's ''System of the World'', and, from the 1660s it spread in intellectual language for a body of doctrine (''Le Système de l'âme'', 1644), though Bouhours still found it not well established;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) it also meant a set of practices aimed at a result (1690), the Académie defining it in 1694.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Pejorative uses followed: ''esprit de système'' (d'Alembert, 1751) and ''par système'' (Rousseau, 1762).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In economics ''le Système'' was Law's financial scheme (about 1720), and Rousseau (1762) used ''système politique''.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ Furetière (1690) has it in anatomy for a set of similar parts, later ''système nerveux'' (Cabanis, 1808), whence the slang ''taper sur le système'' (1867).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The 18th and 19th centuries added the planetary system (1778), classification in natural history (Linnaeus) and the metric system (1792); ''système D'' “resourcefulness” dates from the First World War.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1552 – ''Systeme'' in Pontus de Tyard.^(TLFi)

+ * 1578 – A musical term, in Vigenère.^(TLFi)

+ * 1633 – Galileo's ''Système du Monde'', in Descartes.^(TLFi)

+ * 1690 – Anatomy, in Furetière.^(TLFi)

+ * 1720 – Law's ''Système''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1751 – ''Esprit de système''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1808 – ''Système nerveux'' in Cabanis.^(TLFi)

+ * 1867 – ''Taper sur le système''.^(TLFi)

+ * Before 1918 – ''Système D''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|system]] (of thought), doctrine: ''un système philosophique'', ''esprit de système''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # A set of organised elements forming a whole: ''système solaire'', ''système nerveux'', ''système d'exploitation''.^(Wiktionary)^(Larousse)

+ # An organised set of practices or institutions: ''système politique'', ''système éducatif'', ''le système'': the establishment.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # A method, way: ''trouver un système'', ''système D'': resourcefulness.^(Larousse)^(TLFi)

+ # A set of units: ''système métrique'', ''(mathematics)'' a system of equations.^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(geology)'' A system (period).^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(slang)'' ''Taper sur le système'': to get on someone's nerves.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sous-système]]

+ * [[systématique]]

+ * [[systématiser]]

+ * [[systémique]]

+ * [[systématique]]

+ * [[systématiser]]

+ * [[systémique]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[station]]

+ * [[grc|σύστημα|tr=sústēma]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}