ennemi French · revision 15936

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 880, Sequence of Saint Eulalia|origins=la amīcus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɛn.mi/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /ɛ.nə.mi/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /e.nə.mi/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /ɑ̃.nə.mi/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ennemi''' (feminine ennemie, masculine plural ennemis, feminine plural ennemies)^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Inimi'' (about 880), [[fro|enemi]] (1080), [[m|fro|anemi]], ''ennemi'' from the early 13th century.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) In Chifflet's time (17th century) the pronunciation ''annemi'' was still accepted beside the other.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is an adaptation of [[la|inimīcus|t=personal enemy]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|4, 693b) formed from “in-” “not” and [[la|amīcus|t=friend]] (see [[ami]]), as opposed to “hostis” “public enemy” (see [[hostile]]).^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) In Christian Latin “inimicus” named the devil.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Bloch and Wartburg explain its learned treatment by its use in the language of the Church.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|nemico]], [[pro|enemic]], [[ca|enemic]], [[es|enemigo]] and [[pt|inimigo]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Sequence of Saint Eulalia'' (about 880) has ''li Deo inimi'', the enemies of God, the pagans who wished to overcome the saint.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Like Latin ''inimicus'' it first meant a personal enemy, one who seeks to harm another, and, from the ''Chanson de Roland'' (1080) also those one is at war with; the collective ''l'ennemi'' dates from 1549 (Robert Estienne), and the adjective ''pays ennemi'' from 1564.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) In the Middle Ages ''l'Ennemi'' was the devil (about 980), later ''l'ennemi du genre humain'' (1607).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ From the 16th century the sense weakened to what is contrary or harmful (''ennemi de'', Montaigne, 1580, ''couleurs ennemies'', 1752).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Later phrases include ''autant de pris sur l'ennemi'' (Furetière, 1690, Hébert, 1793), ''ennemi de l'État'' (1694) and ''ennemi public'' (Zola, 1901), with ''ennemi public numéro un'' translated from American English.^(BHVF)^(DHLF 1992) The Anglo-Norman ''enemi'' corresponds to [[en|enemy]].^(AND)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 880 – ''Inimi'' in the ''Sequence of Saint Eulalia''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 980 – “The devil”, in the ''Vie de saint Léger''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1080 – ''Enemi'' “enemy in war”, in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1549 – ''L'ennemi'' collectively.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1564 – ''Pays ennemi''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1580 – “Contrary to”, in Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1690 – ''Autant de pris sur l'ennemi''.^(BHVF)

+ * 1901 – ''Ennemi public''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An [[m|en|enemy]], foe: ''son pire ennemi'', ''ennemi juré'', ''se faire des ennemis''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The enemy (in war): ''passer à l'ennemi''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # An opponent (of an idea): ''un ennemi du progrès'', ''ennemi public''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''L'Ennemi'': the devil.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Autant de pris sur l'ennemi'': that's something gained anyway.^(BHVF)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Hostile, enemy: ''l'armée ennemie'', ''pays ennemi''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Ennemi de'': opposed to, averse to.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[inimitié]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ami]]

+ * [[aimer]]

+ * [[hostile]]

+ * [[la|inimīcus]]

+ * [[en|enemy]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}