barguigner French · revision 15921

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=borrowing|attested=1165–1170, Benoît de Sainte-Maure|origins=frk *borganjan}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /baʁ.ɡi.ɲe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''barguigner'''^(Wiktionary)

+ [[fro|bargaignier]], [[m|fro|barguignier]] (12th century); Quebec ''barguiner''.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is disputed.^(DHLF 1992) The usual explanation is [[bor|frk|*borganjan]],^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|15/1, 190a) a crossing of a Frankish verb akin to [[de|borgen|t=to lend, borrow]] with [[m|frk|*waidanjan]], the source of [[gagner]];^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Medieval Latin has “barcaniare” “to trade” (9th century) and “barganaticum” “duty on goods” (752–768).^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) Rey suggests that “bargaignier” became “barguignier” under the influence of Old French [[m|fro|engignier|t=to deceive]].^(DHLF 1992) Gamillscheg, followed by Guiraud, proposed instead a Frankish “*warbanjan” from a noun meaning “business, trade”.^(DHLF 1992) Littré reported Diez's idea of a derivative of [[la|barca|t=boat]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ [[pro|barganhar]] has the same two senses, and Old Italian “bargagnare” “to trade” comes from French.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) [[en|bargain]] is from the Old French verb.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Benoît de Sainte-Maure's ''Roman de Troie'' (1165–1170) has ''bargaignier'' “to haggle, bargain”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “to haggle at length” was in use until the 17th century (Joinville's ''il n'a pas bargignié sur si grant somme'') and is now only regional, as in Quebec.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary) From long bargaining it came to mean “to hesitate, shilly-shally” (1234; the noun ''bargaigne'' “hesitation” about 1195),^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) as in Molière's ''À quoi bon tant barguigner ?''.^(Grand Robert 2005) This sense survives chiefly in ''sans barguigner'' “without hesitating” (1400–1422), already in Monstrelet.^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 752–768 – Medieval Latin ''barganaticum''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1165–1170 – ''Bargaignier'' “to haggle”.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1195 – ''Bargaigne'' “hesitation”.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1234 – “To hesitate”.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1400–1422 – ''Sans barguigner''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 18th century – “To haggle” falls out of use.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(dated)'' To [[m|en|hesitate]], dither.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''Sans barguigner'': without hesitating, without demur.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''(obsolete, Canada)'' To [[m|en|haggle]], bargain.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[barguignage]]

+ * [[barguigneur]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gagner]]

+ * [[en|bargain]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}