énergie French · revision 15907

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1500, Jardin de santé|origins=grc ἔργον}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /e.nɛʁ.ʒi/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''énergie''' ''f'' (plural énergies)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la-lat|energīa|t=force, energy]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|3, 225b) from [[grc|ἐνέργεια|tr=enérgeia|t=force in action]], as opposed to [[m|grc|δύναμις|tr=dúnamis|t=potential force]];^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) the Greek word comes from [[m|grc|ἐνεργής|tr=energḗs|t=active]], from “en” “in” and [[grc|ἔργον|tr=érgon|t=work]],^(GLLF 1989)^(Etymonline) which belongs with [[organe]] to an Indo-European root “*werg-” “to act”, as in [[en|work]] and [[de|werken]].^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ The modern physical sense owes much to [[en|energy]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Jardin de santé'' (about 1500) uses it for the power, efficacy of an agent;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Bloch and Wartburg note it was rare before the 17th century.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Richelet (1680) has it of style, ''un mot plein d'énergie'', “force, vigour”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In the Revolutionary ''Moniteur'' (1790) it meant firmness and determination in action, and ''l'énergie du désespoir'' dates from the same year;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Balzac (1829) uses it for physical vitality.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ In physics, after Latin ''energia'' and Galileo's Italian ''energia'', it had some uses in the early 18th century, but the modern concept emerged in English (''energy'', 1851) and reached French in an 1854 translation of Thomson, with ''énergie totale, actuelle, potentielle'';^(DHLF 1992) the TLFi notes Thomas Young's use of ''energy'' in physics in 1807.^(TLFi) ''Énergie cinétique'' followed (1870), and in 1877 Littré records the scientific sense.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Since then the word has also named industrially produced power (''sources d'énergie'').^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) English took ''energy'' from French in the 1590s, in the sense “force of expression”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1500 – ''Énergie'' “efficacy”, in the ''Jardin de santé''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1584 – ''Énergique''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1590s – English ''energy''.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1680 – Force of style, in Richelet.^(TLFi)

+ * 1790 – “Determination”, ''l'énergie du désespoir''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1854 – ''Énergie potentielle'', in a translation of Thomson.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1877 – The physical sense, in Littré.^(TLFi)

+ * 1889 – ''Énergie cinétique et potentielle'' in Bergson.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(physics)'' [[m|en|energy|alt=Energy]]: ''énergie cinétique'', ''énergie potentielle'', ''énergie nucléaire'', ''énergie solaire''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Power used for industry, transport and homes: ''sources d'énergie'', ''économiser l'énergie''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Larousse)

+ # Physical vitality, vigour: ''plein d'énergie''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # Strength of will, determination: ''avec l'énergie du désespoir''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # Force, vigour of expression: ''un style plein d'énergie''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[énergique]]

+ * [[énergiquement]]

+ * [[énergisant]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[énergétique]]

+ * [[organe]]

+ * [[énergumène]]

+ * [[grc|ἐνέργεια|tr=enérgeia]]

+ * [[en|energy]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}