campagne French · revision 15904

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1536, Marot|origins=la campus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kɑ̃.paɲ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''campagne''' ''f'' (plural campagnes)^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Campaigne'' (Marot); [[fro|champaigne]], [[m|fro|champagne]] “open country”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the Provençal or, more probably, Norman-Picard form “campaigne” corresponding to Old French [[m|fro|champaigne]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|2, 153a) found as a northern word in the 12th and 13th centuries,^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi) which it gradually replaced in the sense “wide flat country”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Littré already called it the Picard pronunciation of “champagne” “plain”.^(Littré 1873) The source is [[la-lat|campānia|t=plain, open country]] (6th century), the neuter plural of “campāneus” “of the plain” taken as a feminine singular, from [[la|campus|t=field, plain]];^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Bloch and Wartburg also allow an extension of “Campania”, the plain round Naples.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) “Champagne” is a doublet.^(Wiktionary)

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+ The TLFi thinks a borrowing from [[it|campagna]] unnecessary for the sense “country”, but Italian may have influenced the military sense, which is earlier in Italian.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Marot (1536) has ''campaigne'' for a wide stretch of flat open country.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ For a long time the ''campagne'' was defined by its flatness and openness, close to ''plaine'' and opposed above all to mountains, ''rase campagne'' dates from 1671, when the word also began to mean cultivated land as opposed to the town.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) ''Battre la campagne'', to scour it for game, was used figuratively for “to ramble, wander in one's mind” before 1660.^(TLFi) Long viewed with contempt by townspeople, the country gained a positive value with Rousseau, and today suggests rest and authenticity (''maison de campagne'', ''pain de campagne'').^(DHLF 1992)

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+ From 1587 (La Noue: ''artillerie de campagne'', ''se mettre en campagne'') it named the open ground where troops manoeuvre, and, from 1671 a military expedition (''les campagnes d'Italie'');^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Stendhal (1836) has ''plan de campagne'' figuratively and ''campagne parlementaire''.^(TLFi) By analogy it is a period of organised action (''campagne électorale'', ''publicitaire''), and in Africa and the Indian Ocean the harvest season (''campagne sucrière'').^(DHLF 1992) [[en|campaign]] was borrowed in the 1640s.^(Etymonline)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 6th century – Late Latin ''campania''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1536 – ''Campaigne'' in Marot.^(TLFi)

+ * 1587 – ''Se mettre en campagne'' in La Noue.^(TLFi)

+ * 1611 – ''Campagnard''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1640s – English ''campaign''.^(Etymonline)

+ * Before 1660 – ''Battre la campagne'' in Scarron.^(TLFi)

+ * 1671 – ''Rase campagne'', “military expedition”, in Pomey.^(TLFi)

+ * 1836 – ''Plan de campagne'', ''campagne parlementaire'' in Stendhal.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|country]], countryside, as opposed to the town: ''vivre à la campagne'', ''maison de campagne''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(dated)'' Open, flat country, ''en rase campagne'': in the open.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ # ''Battre la campagne'': to scour the country; to ramble, let one's mind wander.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # A military [[m|en|campaign]]: ''les campagnes de Napoléon'', ''se mettre en campagne'': to set to work.^(DHLF 1992)^(Larousse)

+ # A campaign, drive: ''campagne électorale'', ''campagne publicitaire''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Africa, Indian Ocean)'' The harvest and marketing season: ''campagne sucrière''.^(DHLF 1992)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[campagnard]]

+ * [[campagnol]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[champagne]]

+ * [[champ]]

+ * [[camp]]

+ * [[la|campus]]

+ * [[en|campaign]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}